CHAPTER XX. THE SUEZ CANAL 245 CHAPTER XXI. THE PANAMA CANAL 274 CHAPTER XXII. THE NICARAGUAN CANAL 314 CHAPTER XXIII. THE MANCHESTER SHIP CANAL 329 CHAPTER XXIV. THE ISTHMUS OF CORINTH CANAL 346 CHAPTER XXV. THE RIVER THAMES 353 SECTION III. TRANSPORT AND WORKING. CHAPTER XXVI. RAILWAYS AND CANALS 364 CHAPTER XXVII. COMPARATIVE COST OF WATER AND LAND TRANSPORT 375 CHAPTER XXVIII. SYSTEMS OF TRANSPORT AND HAULAGE 391 CHAPTER XXIX. LOCKS, PLANES, SLUICE-GATES, AND LIFTS 408 CHAPTER XXX. TUNNELS, VIADUCTS, EMBANKMENTS AND WEIRS 424 CHAPTER XXXI. SPEED OF TRANSPORT 435 CHAPTER XXXII. CANAL TRAFFIC: ITS CHARACTER AND ITS DENSITY 441 CHAPTER XXXIII. THE MAKING OF ARTIFICIAL WATERWAYS 447 CHAPTER XXXIV. CANAL BOATS 460 CHAPTER XXXV. THE STATE ACQUISITION AND CONTROL OF WATERWAYS 469 APPENDICES. I.—CHRONOLOGY OF RIVER IMPROVEMENT AND CANAL NAVIGATION IN ENGLAND UP TO 1852 475 II.—CANALS AND INLAND RIVER NAVIGATION IN ENGLAND, WALES, AND SCOTLAND, DISTINGUISHING MILEAGE UNDER, AND MILEAGE NOT UNDER, THE CONTROL OF RAILWAY COMPANIES 478 III.—THROUGH ROUTES OF CANAL AND INLAND NAVIGATION IN ENGLAND AND WALES 485 IV.—STATEMENT OF THE CANALS, &c., IN THE UNITED KINGDOM, OWNED OR CONTROLLED BY RAILWAY COMPANIES ON 31ST DECEMBER, 1882, ARRANGED UNDER THE DATES OF THE SPECIAL ACTS AUTHORISING THE ARRANGEMENTS 490 V.—THE PRINCIPAL RIVER SYSTEMS OF EUROPE AND AMERICA 490 INDEX 495 WATERWAYS AND WATER TRANSPORT. SECTION I. THE WATERWAYS OF DIFFERENT COUNTRIES. CHAPTER I. THE TRANSPORTATION PROBLEM. “Of all inventions, the alphabet and the printing press alone excepted, those inventions which abridge distance have done most for civilisation.” —_Macaulay._