PHYSICAL QUALITIES: Weight, heavy (11th in this list); 46 lbs. per cu. ft.; sp. gr. 0.7407; very strong (3d in this list); very elastic (1st in this list); medium hard (35th in this list); shrinkage, 4 per cent.; warps ..........; very durable; rather hard to work, takes fine polish; splits with difficulty. COMMON USES: Posts, railroad ties, fencing, cabinet material and fuel. REMARKS: A valuable tree in the Northwest. [Illustration: Radial Section, life size.] [Illustration: Cross-section, magnified 37-1/2 diameters.] [Illustration: Tangential Section, life size.] 12 WHITE SPRUCE. _Picea canadensis_ (Miller) B. S. P. _Picea alba_ Link. _Picea_, the classical Latin name; white and _alba_ refers to the pale color of the leaves, especially when young, and to the whitish bark. [Illustration: Habitat.] HABITAT: (See map). [Illustration: Leaf.] CHARACTERISTICS OF THE TREE: Height, 60'-100' and even 150'; diameter, 1'-2' and even 4'; long, thick branches; bark, light grayish brown, separating into thin plate-like scales, rather smooth appearance, resin from cuts forms white gum; leaves, set thickly on all sides of branch, finer than red spruce, odor disagreeable; cones, 2" long, cylindrical, slender, fall during second summer. APPEARANCE OF WOOD: Color, light yellow, sap-wood, hardly distinguishable; non-porous; rings, wide, summer wood thin, not conspicuous; grain, straight; rays, numerous, prominent; resin ducts, few and minute. PHYSICAL QUALITIES: Weight, light (51st in this list); 25 lbs. per cu. ft.; sp. gr., 0.4051; medium strong (42d in this list); elastic (29th in this list); soft (58th in this list); shrinks 3 per cent.; warps ........; fairly durable; easy to work, satiny surface; splits readily. COMMON USES: Lumber and paper pulp; (not distinguished from Red and Black Spruce in market). REMARKS: Wood very resonant, hence used for sounding boards. The most important lumber tree of the sub-arctic forest of British Columbia. [Illustration: Radial Section, life size.] [Illustration: Cross-section, magnified 37-1/2 diameters.] [Illustration: Tangential Section, life size.] 13 RED SPRUCE.[A] _Picea rubens_ Sargent. _Picea_, the classical Latin name for the pitch pine; _rubens_ refers to reddish bark, and perhaps to the reddish streaks in the wood. [Illustration: Habitat.] HABITAT: (See map); stunted in north. [Illustration: Leaf.] CHARACTERISTICS OF THE TREE: Height, 70'-80', even 100'; diameter, 2'-3', grows slowly; trunk, straight, columnar, branches in whorls, cleans well in forest; bark, reddish brown with thin irregular scales; leaves, needle-shaped, four-sided, pointing everywhere; cones, 1-1/4"-2" long, pendent, fall during the first winter. APPEARANCE OF WOOD: Color, dull white with occasional reddish streaks; sap-wood not distinct; non-porous; rings, summer rings thin, but clearly defined; grain, straight; rays, faintly discernible; resin ducts, few and small.