Worlds in the making: The evolution of the universe

Name: Worlds in the making: The evolution of the universe
Author: Arrhenius, Svante

Arrhenius, Svante

Cosmogony

Stability of the species.—Theory of mutation.—Spontaneous
    generation.—Bathybius.—Panspermia.—The stand-points of
    Richter, Ferdinand Cohn, and Lord Kelvin.—The radiation
    pressure enables spores to escape.—The effect of strong
    sunlight and of cold on the germinating power.—Transport of
    spores through the atmosphere into universal space and through
    it to other planets.—General conclusions.


                  EXPLANATION OF ABBREVIATIONS, ETC.

The temperatures are stated in degrees centigrade (° C.), either on the
Celsius scale, on which the freezing-point of water is 0°, or on the
absolute scale, whose zero lies 273 degrees below the freezing-point of
water, at -273° C. The equivalent temperatures on the Fahrenheit scale
(freezing-point of water 32° F.) are added in brackets (° F.).

1 metre (m.) = 10 decimetres (dm.) = 100 centimetres (cm.) = 1000
millimetres (mm.) = 3.28 ft.; 1 kilometre (km.) = 1000 metres (m.) =
0.62 miles; 1 mile = 1.6 kilometres (km.).

Light travels in vacuo at the rate of 300,000 km. (nearly 200,000
miles) per second.




                             ILLUSTRATIONS


    FIG.                                                           PAGE

    1. VESUVIUS, AS SEEN FROM THE ISLAND OF NISIDA, IN
    MODERATE ACTIVITY                                                  2

    2. ERUPTION OF VESUVIUS IN 1882                                    4

    3. ERUPTION OF VESUVIUS IN 1872                                    6

    4. PHOTOGRAPH OF VESUVIUS, 1906. CHIEFLY CLOUDS OF
    ASHES                                                              8

    5. BLOCK LAVA ON MAUNA LOA                                        10

    6. THE EXCELSIOR GEYSER IN YELLOWSTONE PARK, U. S. A.
    REMNANT OF THE POWERFUL VOLCANIC ACTIVITY IN THE
    TERTIARY AGE                                                      11

    7. MATO TEPEE IN WYOMING, U. S. A. TYPICAL VOLCANIC
    “NECK”                                                            12

    8. CLEFTS FILLED WITH LAVA AND VOLCANIC CONE OF ASHES,
    TOROWHEAP CAÑON, PLATEAU OF COLORADO                              13

    9. THE KILAUEA CRATER ON HAWAII                                   15

    10. CHIEF EARTHQUAKE CENTRES, ACCORDING TO THE BRITISH
    ASSOCIATION COMMITTEE                                             22

    11. CLEFTS IN VALENTIA STREET, SAN FRANCISCO, AFTER THE
    EARTHQUAKE OF 1906                                                25

    12. SAND CRATERS AND FISSURES, PRODUCED BY THE CORINTH
    EARTHQUAKE OF 1861. IN THE WATER, BRANCHES OF
    FLOODED TREES                                                     27

    13. EARTHQUAKE LINES IN LOWER AUSTRIA                             30

    14. LIBERTY BUILDING OF LELAND STANFORD JUNIOR UNIVERSITY,
    IN CALIFORNIA, AFTER THE EARTHQUAKE OF 1906                       32

    15. EARTHQUAKE LINES IN THE TYRRHENIAN DEPRESSION                 34

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Worlds in the making: The evolution of the universe

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