Yoga as philosophy and religionDasgupta, Surendranath
Religion
Yoga as philosophy and religion
Dasgupta, Surendranath
Hindu philosophy; Patañjali; Yoga
To prevent these distractions and their accompaniments it is necessary
that we should practise concentration on one truth. Vācaspati says that
this one truth on which the mind should be settled and fixed is Īśvara,
and Rāmānanda Sarasvatī and Nārāyaṇa Tīrtha agree with him. Vijñāna
Bhikshu, however, says that one truth means any object, gross or fine,
and Bhoja supports Vijñāna Bhikshu, staying that here “one truth” might
mean any desirable object.
Abhyāsa means the steadiness of the mind in one state and not complete
absence of any state; for the Bhāshyakāra himself has said in the
samāpattisūtra, that samprajñāta trance comes after this steadiness. As
we shall see later, it means nothing but the application of the five
means, śraddhā, vīrya, smṛti, samādhi and prajñā; it is an endeavour to
settle the mind on one state, and as such does not differ from the
application of the five means of Yoga with a view to settle and steady
the mind (_Yoga-vārttika_, I. 13). This effort becomes firmly rooted,
being well attended to for a long time without interruption and with
devotion.
Now it does not matter very much whether this one truth is Īśvara or any
other object; for the true principle of Yoga is the setting of the mind
on one truth, principle or object. But for an ordinary man this is no
easy matter; for in order to be successful the mind must be equipped
with śraddhā or faith—the firm conviction of the Yogin in the course
that he adopts. This keeps the mind steady, pleased, calm and free from
doubts of any kind, so that the Yogin may proceed to the realisation of
his object without any vacillation. Unless a man has a firm hold on the
course that he pursues, all the steadiness that he may acquire will
constantly be threatened with the danger of a sudden collapse. It will
be seen that vairāgya or desirelessness is only the negative aspect of
this śraddhā. For by it the mind is restrained from the objects of
sense, with an aversion or dislike towards the objects of sensual
pleasure and worldly desires; this aversion towards worldly joys is only
the other aspect of the faith of the mind and the calmness of its
currents (_cittaprasāda_) towards right knowledge and absolute freedom.
So it is said that the vairāgya is the effect of śraddhā and its product
(_Yoga-vārttika_, I. 20). In order to make a person suitable for Yoga,
vairāgya represents the cessation of the mind from the objects of sense
and their so-called pleasures, and śraddhā means the positive faith of
the mind in the path of Yoga that one adopts, and the right aspiration
towards attaining the highest goal of absolute freedom.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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