Kukai (774-835): introduced Shingon Buddhism to Japan in 808. Kyogen: farces performed as part of a program of No plays. Kyoto: capital city of Japan from 794 to seventeenth century and site of classic Zen culture. Lankavatara: _sutra _believed by Bodhidharma to best express Ch'an philosophy. Lin-chi (d. 866): leading figure of the "sudden enlightenment" school of Ch'an, whose teachings were much of the basis of Japanese Rinzai Zen. Mahayana: Buddhism which spread to China and Japan. _mandala_: esoteric diagrams purportedly containing the key to cosmological truths. Manyoshu: early anthology of Japanese poetry (780). Ma Yuan (active ca. 1190-1224): Chinese Southern Sung painter whose works strongly influenced Japanese Zen artists. Minamoto: warrior family of the Heian and Kamakura eras. Mincho (1351- 1431): Japanese priest and one of the first Japanese artists to successfully adopt and revive Chinese styles of paintings. _miso_: fermented soybean paste used in Japanese cooking. _miyabi_: Heian aesthetic term signifying subtleties only a connoisseur could appreciate. Momoyama: period of Japanese history from 1 537 to 1615. mondo: Zen question-and-answer session in which a novice must respond immediately and without reflection to questions posed by a Zen master. Mu-ch'i (ca. 1210-ca. 1280): Chinese Ch'an painter whose works strongly affected Japanese Zen artists. mudra: sacred hand signs. Muso Soseki (1275-1351): Zen scholar and adviser to Ashikaga Takauji, who is traditionally thought to be the designer of several early Zen landscape gardens in Kvoto. Nageire: style of Ikebana. _nageshi_: decorative element in the ceiling of a traditional Japanese house. Nara: site of the first capital of Japan, which was consecrated in 710 and abandoned by the court in 784. _nembutsu_: chant to Amida Buddha used by Jodo and Jodo Shin sects. Nichiren (1222-1282): founder of Buddhist sect based on Lotus Sutra. Nichiren Shoshu: name of the sect founded by Nichiren. No: theatrical form reflecting Zen ideals, which came to prominence during the Ashikaga era. Nobunaga (1534-1582): military ruler who began the movement to unify Japan. Oribe: style of Japanese Zen-influenced ceramics. pi-kuan: "wall-gazing" meditation practiced and extolled by Bodhidharma. Raku: style of ceramics invented by Chojiro. _ramma_: open latticework in the traditional Japanese house. Renga: "linked verse" form of Japanese poetry, in which different participants must contribute alternate stanzas. Rikka: an early style of formal flower arranging. Rinzai: Japanese sect of Zen stressing sudden enlightenment and use of _koans_. _roji_: "dewy path" leading through the Japanese tea garden. Ryoan-ji: temple in Kyoto with a famous kare sansui flat garden. _Sabi_: aesthetic tenn signifying the dignity of old age. Saicho (767-822): introduced Tendai Buddhism into Japan (806).