1. Zen Culture and the Counter Mind 2. 3. The Prelude to Zen Culture 4. 5. The Rise of Japanese Buddhism 6. 7. The Chronicles of Zen 8. 9. Zen Archery and Swordsmanship 10. PART II: The Age of High Culture: Ashikaga (1333-1573) 11. The Great Age of Zen 12. 13. Zen and the Landscape Garden 14. 8. The Stone Gardens of Zen 9. Zen and the Ink Landscape 10. The Zen Aesthetics of Japanese Architecture 11. 12. The No Theater 13. PART III: The Rise of Popular Zen Culture: 1573 to the Present 14. Bourgeois Society and Later Zen 15. 16. The Tea Ceremony 17. 18. Zen Ceramic Art 19. 20. Zen and Haiku 21. 22. Private Zen: Flowers and Food 23. 24. The Lessons of Zen Culture 25. REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHY GLOSSARY Part I THE BEGINNINGS: PREHISTORY TO 1333 CHAPTER ONE Zen Culture and the Counter Mind _ Consider the lilies of the field, how they grow. _Matthew 6:28 _Pre-Buddhist clay figure _(haniwa) THE ZEN TRADITION extends back some fifteen hundred years to a wandering Indian teacher of meditation named Bodhidharma. As Indian gurus are fond of doing, Bodhidharma left his homeland and journeyed abroad, following what was in those days a well-beaten trail to China. Upon reaching Nanking, he paused to visit the Chinese Emperor Wu, a man known to be a particularly devout Buddhist. The emperor was delighted to receive his famous Indian guest and proceeded immediately to boast of his own accomplishments. "I have built many temples. I have copied the sacred _sutras_. I have led many to the Buddha. Therefore, I ask you: What is my merit: What reward have I earned?" Bodhidharma reportedly growled, "None whatsoever, your Majesty." The emperor was startled but persisted, "Tell me then, what is the most important principle or teaching of Buddhism?" "Vast emptiness," Bodhidharma replied, meaning, of course, the void of nonattachment. Not knowing what to make of his guest, the emperor backed away and inquired, "Who exactly are you who stands before me now?" To which Bodhidharma admitted he had no idea.