Aristotle was born at Stageira, an unimportant Hellenic colony in Thrace, which has obtained a lasting name in history from the fact of being his birthplace. It was situated in the Strymonic Gulf, a little north of the isthmus which terminates in the mountainous promontory of Athos; its founders were Greeks from the island of Andros, reinforced afterwards by additional immigrants from Chalkis in Euboea. It was, like other Grecian cities, autonomous--a distinct, self-governing community; but it afterwards became incorporated in the confederacy of free cities under the presidency of Olynthus. The most material feature in its condition, at the period of Aristotle's birth, was, that it lay near the frontier of Macedonia, and not far even from Pella, the residence of the Macedonian king Amyntas (father of Philip). Aristotle was born, not earlier than 392 B.C., nor later than 385-384 B.C. His father, Nikomachus, was a citizen of Stageira, distinguished as a physician, author of some medical works, and boasting of being descended from the heroic _gens_ of the Asklepiads; his mother, Phaestis, was also of good civic family, descended from one of the first Chalkidian colonists.[1] Moreover, Nikomachus was not merely learned in his art, but was accepted as confidential physician and friend of Amyntas, with whom he passed much of his time--a circumstance of great moment to the future career of his son. We are told that among the Asklepiads the habit of physical observation, and even manual training in dissection, were imparted traditionally from father to son, from the earliest years, thus serving as preparation for medical practice when there were no written treatises to study.[2] The mind of Aristotle may thus have acquired that appetite for physiological study which so many of his treatises indicate. [Footnote 1: Diog. L. v. 10. This was probably among the reasons which induced Aristotle to prefer Chalkis as his place of temporary retirement, when he left Athens after the death of Alexander.] [Footnote 2: Galen, De Anatomicis Administr. ii. 1. T. ii. pp. 280-281, ed. Kühn. [Greek: para\ toi=s goneu=sin e)k pai/dôn a)skoume/nois, ô(/sper a)naginô/skein kai\ gra/phein, ou(/tôs a)nate/mnein]--(compare Plato--Protagoras, p. 328 A, p. 311 C). Diog. L. v. 1. [Greek: O( de\ Niko/machos ê)=n a)po\ Nikoma/chou tou= Macha/nos tou= A)sklêpiou=, katha/ phêsin E(/rmippos e)n tô=| peri\ A)ristote/lous kai\ sunebi/ô A)mu/nta| tô=| Makedo/nôn basilei= i)atrou= kai\ phi/lou chrei/a|.]