Feminism in Greek Literature from Homer to Aristotle — Aristotle — John Shaqi
Feminism in Greek Literature from Homer to Aristotle
Aristotle · en
This feminism, inherent in the poet’s mind, finds full expression in
the remaining four plays. The _Suppliant Women_, for example, archaic
though it seems to us, deals with a social problem and a question of
law, which was hotly debated in the poet’s time, and finally, in spite
of his advocacy, settled against the women. The question is this—‘Should
a woman be compelled to marry a man she dislikes, and to hand over to
him the control of her property, merely because he is the nearest male
relative?’ Æschylus answers in the negative; Athenian law _decided in the
affirmative_.
The characters in the play are nearly all women, the fifty daughters of
Danaus, accompanied by their old father, who have fled from Egypt to
Greece in order to escape from the violence of their cousins, the sons
of Ægyptus, who wish to marry them by force. It is a lyric drama, and the
burden of the action and the music rests with the women. The agony of the
crowd of girls crouching helpless at the altar is depicted in the most
entrancing melody; they are not regarded as separate individuals, but as
representing women in general; their plight is that of all womankind, and
the problem is presented as universal. Swarthy daughters of the South,
they call upon their god to help them, the god who once found delight
in the arms of their ancestress, Io; and in the play their prayer is
answered. The King of Argos protects and gives them shelter, the Egyptian
herald who would have taken them back is scornfully dismissed. Of the
three male characters Danaus is the most interesting, and his advice to
his daughters is applicable to women generally in ancient times:
Children, you must be prudent: let your utterance be attended
before all by absence of boldness: a modest face and a tranquil
eye: no wanton looks. Be not forward in your speech nor prolix:
people here are very prone to take offence. And remember to be
submissive—you are needy foreign fugitives—it is not seemly for
the weak to be bold in speech.
So in his concluding words he hints at some of the difficulties of a
woman’s life:
I charge you, bring me not to shame, you whose youthful bloom
is so attractive to men. Ripe tender fruit is never easy to
protect; men are like animals, they seek only to destroy. Your
gardens fair, the lady of love herself proclaims their dewy
freshness, and when a virgin comes in dainty loveliness every
man as he passes by falls victim to desire, and shoots a swift
glance to win her fancy.... Observe, then, this your father’s
charge, and value chastity more than life itself.
The _Suppliant Women_ presents one particular phase of women’s subjection
considered impersonally, and scarcely deals with the great question of
how far force may be rightly met by force. In the legend the daughters
of Danaus escape from slavery by killing their husbands on their wedding
night, but of that Æschylus in this play tells us nothing.