Feminism in Greek Literature from Homer to Aristotle — Aristotle — John Shaqi
Feminism in Greek Literature from Homer to Aristotle
Aristotle · en
And yet the dramatist, and his readers, find the wife rather than
the husband the sympathetic character. It is partly the intolerable
callousness and brutal pride of Agamemnon, who has sacrificed his
daughter’s life to help on his political schemes, and now brings home
with him from Troy the concubine whom he has compelled to share his bed.
But there is also the feeling that Clytemnestra is really the better man
of the pair: that she is naturally born to rule, and that her subjection
to a man would be against the law of nature. Certainly in the play she
takes the first place, and Cassandra, a part vocally the most important
of any, comes next. The men, Agamemnon, the Watchman, the Herald,
Ægisthus, and the helpless chorus of aged councillors, are merely foils
to the ‘manlike’ queen. The contrast, indeed, between the resolute woman
and the irresolute men in the closing scenes is almost comic, and the
play ends with her triumph. In the sequel, _The Libation Bearers_, the
main action is again in the hands of women, Electra and her friends, the
maidens of the chorus. Orestes, it is true, does the actual killing; but
there is this difference between brother and sister: Electra acts on her
own initiative, and is a woman as strong-willed as Clytemnestra herself;
Orestes acts only in obedience to the promptings of others. Electra feels
no remorse; Orestes, as soon as he has killed his mother, is tormented
by imaginary terrors. Among the characters of the second play, by far
the most interesting is the old Nurse. She is obviously studied from the
life, and is one of the most vivid figures of Greek Drama: her kindly
temper and affection for her former charge are contrasted with the
fierce bitterness of Electra, and she supplies the one touch of humour
that lightens the mournful music of this play.
Last comes the _Eumenides_, which discusses with almost embarrassing
frankness the physical problems of relationship. ‘Is the mother who
conceives, or the father who begets the child, the nearer relative?’ And
again, ‘Is not the murder of a husband, who is no relation by blood, less
heinous than the murder of the mother who brought you into the world?’
These are some of the questions that are raised but not answered, for the
final reconciliation satisfies the religious rather than the practical
sense. The plot may be put briefly:
A band of women are pursuing a man over the earth; pursuing relentlessly
until he shall die of fatigue. Whenever the pursuit slackens, another
woman—or rather her spirit—urges on the chase. The man appeals in vain
for help from men, and at last a third woman by skilful diplomacy
persuades the avengers—or at least some of them—to agree to a
reconciliation.