THREE PHILOSOPHICAL POETS LUCRETIUS, DANTE, AND GOETHE BY GEORGE SANTAYANA PROFESSOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN HARVARD UNIVERSITY HARVARD STUDIES IN COMPARATIVE LITERATURE VOLUME I CAMBRIDGE HARVARD UNIVERSITY 1910 PREFACE The present volume is composed, with a few additions, of six lectures read at Columbia University in February, 1910, and repeated in April of the same year, at the University of Wisconsin. These lectures, in turn, were based on a regular course which I had been giving for some time at Harvard College. Though produced under such learned auspices, my book can make no great claims to learning. It contains the impressions of an amateur, the appreciations of an ordinary reader, concerning three great writers, two of whom at least might furnish matter enough for the studies of a lifetime, and actually have academies, libraries, and university chairs especially consecrated to their memory. I am no specialist in the study of Lucretius; I am not a Dante scholar nor a Goethe scholar. I can report no facts and propose no hypotheses about these men which are not at hand in their familiar works, or in well-known commentaries upon them. My excuse for writing about them, notwithstanding, is merely the human excuse which every new poet has for writing about the spring. They have attracted me; they have moved me to reflection; they have revealed to me certain aspects of nature and of philosophy which I am prompted by mere sincerity to express, if anybody seems interested or willing to listen. What I can offer the benevolent reader, therefore, is no learned investigation. It is only a piece of literary criticism, together with a first broad lesson in the history of philosophy--and, perhaps, in philosophy itself. G.S. _Harvard College_ _June, 1910_ CONTENTS I INTRODUCTION _Lucretius, Dante, and Goethe sum up the chief phases of European philosophy,--naturalism, supernaturalism, and romanticism--Ideal relation between philosophy and poetry._ II LUCRETIUS _Development of Greek cosmology--Democritus--Epicurean moral sentiment--Changes inspired by it in the system of Democritus--Accidental alliance of materialism with hedonism--Imaginative value of naturalism: The Lucretian Venus, or the propitious movement in nature--The Lucretian Mars, or the destructive movement--Preponderant melancholy, and the reason for it--Materiality of the soul--The fear of death and the fear of life--Lucretius a true poet of nature--Comparison with Shelley and Wordsworth--Things he might have added consistently: Indefeasible worth of his insight and sentiment._ III DANTE