_ 19 Phenomenologie des Geistes_ (_Werke_, ii. 572). Thus Hegelian idealism claims to be the philosophical counterpart of the central dogma of Christianity. 20 From the old Provençal _Lay of Boëthius_. 21 It is the doctrine of the _intellectus agens_, or _in actu_; the _actus purus_ of the Schoolmen. _ 22 Einleitung in die Philosophie_, §§ 1, 2. _ 23 Psychologie als Wissenschaft_, Vorrede. _ 24 Einleitung in die Philosophie_, §§ 11, 12. _ 25 Einleitung in die Philosophie_, § 18: cf. _Werke_, ed. Kehrbach, v. 108. 26 Cf. Plato’s remarks on the problem in the word Self-control. _Republ._ 430-1. _ 27 Lehrbuch der Psychologie_, §§ 202, 203. _ 28 Allgemeine Metaphysik_, Vorrede. _ 29 Hauptpunkte der Metaphysik_ (1806), § 13. _ 30 Werke_, ed. Kehrbach (_Ueber die Möglichkeit_, &c), v. 96. _ 31 Ibid._, p. 100. 32 One might almost fancy Herbart was translating into a general philosophic thesis the words in which Goethe has described how he overcame a real trouble by transmuting it into an ideal shape, e.g. _Wahrheit und Dichtung_, cap. xii. 33 Herbart’s language is almost identical with Hegel’s: _Encycl._ § 389 (p. 12). Cf. Spencer, _Psychology_, i. 192. “Feelings are in all cases the materials out of which the superior tracts of consciousness and intellect are evolved.” _ 34 Prolegomena to the Study of Hegel_, ch. xvii. _ 35 Psychologia Empirica_, § 29. 36 As is also the case with Herbart’s metaphysical reality of the Soul. _ 37 Human Nature_, vii. 2. “Pleasure, Love, and appetite, which is also called desire, are divers names for divers considerations of the same thing....” Deliberation is (ch. xii. 1) the “alternate succession of appetite and fears.” _ 38 Eth._ ii. 48 Schol. _ 39 Eth._ ii. 43 Schol.: cf. 49 Schol. 40 This wide scope of thinking (_cogitatio_, _penser_) is at least as old as the Cartesian school: and should be kept in view, as against a tendency to narrow its range to the mere intellect. 41 e.g. _Analysis of the Human Mind_, ch. xxiv. “Attention is but another name for the interesting character of the idea;” ch. xix. “Desire and the idea of a pleasurable sensation are convertible terms.” 42 As Mr. Spencer says (_Psychology_, i. 141), “Objective psychology can have no existence as such without borrowing its data from subjective psychology.” 43 The same failure to note that experiment is valuable only where general points of view are defined, is a common fault in biology. 44 Münsterberg, _Aufgaben und Methoden der Psychologie_, p. 144. _ 45 Lehrbuch der Psychologie_, § 54 (2nd ed.), or § 11 (1st ed.). 46 See p. 11 (§ 387). 47 Cf. Nietzsche, _Also sprach Zarathustra_, i. 43. “There is more reason in thy body than in thy best wisdom.”