[Footnote 3: The use of the substantival form _Being_ for the verbal (participle, infinitive, or indicative) suggests an idea of permanence and substance, or essence. So potentiality seems much more real than _may_ or _can._ And yet the phrase He knows δυνάμει is only equivalent to He can or may know (δύναται or ἐνδέχεται).] [Footnote 4: When it is said that: 'It is strange that so profound a thinker as Hegel should not have seen that the conception of definite objects, such as a _dog_ and _cat_, is prior no less in nature than in knowledge to the conception of abstract relations, such as _is_ and _is not,'_ it is difficult to say what the writer meant. Had he ever heard of geometry? Both in nature and in knowledge (i. e. in the natural process from sense to thought) chairs and tables are prior to lines and surface. The mathematical point and line are abstractions, i. e. thoughts, and no image of sensuous reality. It is also true that the ordinary conception of the sun's movements was 'prior no less in nature than in knowledge' to the theory of the earth's rotation. And no doubt Hegel, sedate though his boyhood was, had made the acquaintance of dog and cat in his pre-logical days: as of balls and windows before he was turned upon Euclid. See Mansel's _Letters_, _Lectures_, &c., p. 209.] [Footnote 5: As _Being_ to ordinary unthinkingness seems to mean a great deal it cannot expound, so the mind full of the mystic depths of time and space is disgusted to find them turn so empty and shallow when it would set forth its wealth. See Augustin. _Confess._ xi. 14.] [Footnote 6: This may be illustrated by saying that to _affirm_ is the same energy of thought as to _deny,_ and that the difference lies in the terms related by the judgment. _In themselves,_ the one act is as empty or meaningless as the other.] [Footnote 7: Heine, _Ueber Deutschland (Werke),_ v. 213.] [Footnote 8: πᾱσα οὐσία δοκεῑ τόδε τι σημαίνειν (Ar. _Cat._ 5).] [Footnote 9: Hence the disparaging sense in which the term 'individual' may be used.] [Footnote 10: These latter terms being used in a metaphorical sense.] [Footnote 11: νόμῳ γλυκὺ καὶ νόμῳ πικρόν ἐτεῇ δὲ ἃτομα καὶ κενόν. Democritus ap. Sext. _Empir. adv. Math._ vii. 135.] [Footnote 12: Aristotle's μᾱλλον καὶ ἦττον: see _Metaph._ i. 6 τὺ μέγα κaὶ τὸ μικρον.] [Footnote 13: Thus, the sharp break at death suggests the reference of vital phenomena to a substantial soul.] CHAPTER XXXI. THE LOGIC OF EXPLANATION AND REALISTIC METAPHYSICS: ESSENCE.