21. It follows what hath been already said by necessary connexion, that _a city of Christian men_ and a _Church_ is altogether the same thing, of the same men, termed by two names, for two causes. For the _matter of a city_ and a _Church_ is one, to wit, the same Christian men. And the _form_, which consists in a lawful power of assembling them, is the same too; for it is manifest that every subject is obliged to come thither, whither he is summoned by his _city_. Now that which is called a _city_, as it is made up of _men_, the same, as it consists of _Christians_, is styled a _Church_. [Sidenote: Many cities do not constitute one Church.] 22. This too is very coherent with the same points: _if there be many Christian cities, they are not altogether personally one Church_. They may indeed by mutual consent become one _Church_, but no otherwise than as they must also become one city. For they cannot assemble but at some certain time, and to some place appointed. But persons, places, and times, belong to civil right; neither can any subject or stranger lawfully set his foot on any place, but by the permission of the city, which is lord of the place. But the things which cannot lawfully be done but by the permission of the city, those, if they be lawfully done, are done by the city’s authority. The _universal Church_ is indeed one _mystical body_, whereof Christ is the head; but in the same manner that all men together, acknowledging God for the ruler of the world, are one kingdom and one city; which notwithstanding is neither one _person_, nor hath it one common action or determination. Furthermore, where it is said that _Christ is the head of his body the Church_, it manifestly appears that that was spoken by the Apostle of the elect; who, as long as they are in this world, are a _Church_ only in _potentia_; but shall not actually be so before they be separated from the reprobate, and gathered together among themselves in the day of judgment. The Church of Rome of old was very great, but she went not beyond the bounds of her empire, and therefore neither was she _universal_; unless it were in that sense, wherein it was also said of the city of Rome, _Orbem jam totum victor Romanus habebat_; when as yet he had not the twentieth part of it. But after that the civil empire was divided into parts, the single cities thence arising were so many Churches: and that power which the Church of Rome had over them, might perhaps wholly depend on the authority of those Churches, who having cast off the emperors, were yet content to admit the doctors of Rome. [Sidenote: Who are clergymen.]