The English works of Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury, Volume 03 (of 11) — Thomas Hobbes — John Shaqi
The English works of Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury, Volume 03 (of 11)
Thomas Hobbes · en
But in the sense of common people, not all the universe is called body,
but only such parts thereof as they can discern by the sense of feeling,
to resist their force, or by the sense of their eyes, to hinder them
from a farther prospect. Therefore in the common language of men, _air_,
and _aerial substances_, use not to be taken for _bodies_, but (as often
as men are sensible of their effects) are called _wind_, or _breath_, or
(because the same are called in the Latin _spiritus_) _spirits_; as when
they call that aerial substance, which in the body of any living
creature gives it life and motion, _vital_ and _animal spirits_. But for
those idols of the brain, which represent bodies to us, where they are
not, as in a looking-glass, in a dream, or to a distempered brain
waking, they are, as the apostle saith generally of all idols, nothing;
nothing at all, I say, there where they seem to be; and in the brain
itself, nothing but tumult, proceeding either from the action of the
objects, or from the disorderly agitation of the organs of our sense.
And men, that are otherwise employed, than to search into their causes,
know not of themselves, what to call them; and may therefore easily be
persuaded, by those whose knowledge they much reverence, some to call
them _bodies_, and think them made of air compacted by a power
supernatural, because the sight judges them corporeal; and some to call
them _spirits_, because the sense of touch discerneth nothing in the
place where they appear, to resist their fingers: so that the proper
signification of _spirit_ in common speech, is either a subtle, fluid,
and invisible body, or a ghost, or other idol or phantasm of the
imagination. But for metaphorical significations, there be many: for
sometimes it is taken for disposition or inclination of the mind; as
when for the disposition to controul the sayings of other men, we say,
_a spirit of contradiction_; for _a disposition to uncleanness_, _an
unclean spirit_; for _perverseness_, _a froward spirit_; for
_sullenness_, _a dumb spirit_; and for _inclination to godliness and
God’s service_, _the Spirit of God_: sometimes for any eminent ability
or extraordinary passion, or disease of the mind, as when _great wisdom_
is called _the spirit of wisdom_; and _madmen_ are said to be _possessed
with a spirit_.