CHAPTER V. 1. Of marks. 2. Names or appellations. 3. Names positive and privative. 4. Advantage of names maketh us capable of science. 5. Names universal and singular. 6. Universals not in _rerum natura_. 7. Equivocal names. 8. Understanding. 9. Affirmation, negation, proposition. 10. Truth, falsity. 11. Ratiocination. 12. According to reason, against reason. 13. Names causes of knowledge, so of error. 14. Translation of the discourse of the mind into the discourse of the tongue, and of the errors thence proceeding. [Sidenote: Of marks.] 1. Seeing the _succession_ of conceptions in the _mind_ are caused, as hath been said before, by the succession they _had_ one to another when they were produced by the _senses_, and that there is no conception that hath not been produced immediately before or after innumerable others, by the innumerable acts of sense; it must needs follow, that one _conception_ followeth _not_ another, according to our election, and the need we have of them, _but_ as it _chanceth_ us to hear or see such things as shall bring them to our mind. The experience we have hereof, is in such brute beasts, which, having the providence to hide the remains and superfluity of their meat, do nevertheless want the remembrance of the place where they hid it, and thereby make no benefit thereof in their hunger: but man, who in this point beginneth to rank himself somewhat above the nature of beasts, hath observed and remembered the cause of this defect, and to amend the same, hath imagined or devised to set up a visible or other sensible mark, the which, when he seeth it again, may bring to his mind the thought he had when he set it up. A _mark_ therefore is a _sensible object_ which a man erecteth voluntarily to himself, to the end to _remember_ thereby somewhat past, when the same is objected to his sense again: as men that have passed by a rock at sea, set up some mark, thereby to remember their former danger, and avoid it. [Sidenote: Names or appellations.] 2. In the number of these _marks_, are those _human voices_, which we call the _names_ or appellations of things sensible by the ear, by which we recall into our mind some conceptions of the things to which we gave those names or appellations; as the appellation _white_ bringeth to remembrance the quality of such objects as produce that colour or conception in us. A _name_ or appellation therefore is the _voice_ of a man _arbitrary_, imposed for a _mark_ to bring into his mind some conception concerning the thing on which it is imposed. [Sidenote: Names positive and privative.]