9. Of two _appellations_, by the help of this little verb _is_, or something equivalent, we make an _affirmation_ or _negation_, either of which in the Schools we call also a _proposition_, and consisteth of two appellations joined together by the said verb _is_: as for example, man is a living creature; or thus, man is not righteous: whereof the former is called an _affirmation_, because the appellation, living creature, is _positive_; the latter a _negative_, because not righteous is _privative_. [Sidenote: Truth, falsity.] 10. In _every proposition_, be it affirmative or negative, the latter appellation either comprehendeth the former, as in this proposition, charity is a virtue, the name of virtue comprehendeth the name of charity, and many other virtues beside; and then is the proposition said to be _true_, or _truth_: for, _truth_, and a _true proposition_, is all one. Or _else_ the _latter_ appellation comprehendeth _not_ the former; as in this proposition, every man is just; the name of just comprehendeth not every man; for unjust is the name of the far greater part of men: and the proposition is said to be _false_, or falsity: _falsity_ and a _false proposition_ being also the same thing. [Sidenote: Ratiocination.] 11. In what manner of two propositions, whether _both_ affirmative, or _one_ affirmative, the _other_ negative, is made a _syllogism_, I forbear to write. All this that hath been said of names or propositions, though _necessary_, is but _dry_ discourse: and this place is not for the whole art of logic, which if I enter further into, I ought to pursue: besides, it is not needful; for there be few men which have not so much natural logic, as thereby to discern well enough, whether any conclusion I shall make in this discourse hereafter, be well or ill collected: only thus much I say in this place, that _making of syllogisms_ is that we call _ratiocination_ or _reasoning_. [Sidenote: According to reason, against reason.] 12. Now when a man _reasoneth_ from _principles_ that are _found_ indubitable by experience, all deceptions of sense and equivocation of words avoided, the conclusion he maketh is said to be _according to right reason_: but when from his conclusion a man may, by good ratiocination, derive that which is _contradictory_ to any evident truth whatsoever, then he is said to have concluded _against reason_: and such a conclusion is called _absurdity_. [Sidenote: Names causes of knowledge, so of error.]