The English works of Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury, Volume 05 (of 11)
Thomas Hobbes · en
His reply to this is, that he hath “showed sufficiently, that reason
doth not determine the will physically,” &c. If not physically, how
then? As he hath told us in another place, _morally_. But what it is to
determine a thing morally, no man living understands. I doubt not but he
had therefore the will to write this reply, _because_ I had answered his
treatise concerning true liberty. My answer therefore was, at least in
part, the _cause_ of his writing; yet that is the cause of the nimble
local motion of his fingers. Is not the cause of local motion physical?
His will therefore was physically, and extrinsically, and antecedently,
and not morally caused by my writing.
(_k_) “He adds further that ‘as the end is necessary, so are the means,
and when it is determined that one thing shall be chosen before another,
it is determined also for what cause it shall be so chosen.’ All which
is truth, but not the whole truth,” &c.
Is it not enough that it is truth? Must I put all the truth I know into
two or three lines? No. I should have added, that God doth adapt and fit
the means to their respective ends, free means to free ends, contingent
means to contingent ends, necessary means to necessary ends. It may be I
would have done so, but for shame. _Free_, _contingent_ and _necessary_
are not words that can be joined to _means_ or _ends_, but to _agents_
and _actions_; that is to say, to things that move or are moved: a _free
agent_ being that whose motion or action is not hindered or stopped, and
a _free action_, that which is produced by a free agent. A _contingent
agent_ is the same with an _agent_ simply. But, because men for the most
part think those things are produced without cause, whereof they do not
see the cause, they use to call both the agent and the action
contingent, as attributing it to fortune. And therefore, when the causes
are necessary, if they perceive not the necessity, they call those
necessary agents and actions, in things that have appetite, _free_; and
in things inanimate, _contingent_. The rest of his reply to this point
is very little of it applied to my answer. I note only that where he
says, “but if God have so ordered the world, that a man cannot, _if he
would_, neglect any means of good, &c.;” he would fraudulently insinuate
that it is my opinion, that a man is not _free to do if he will, and to
abstain if he will_. Whereas from the beginning I have often declared
that it is none of my opinion; and that my opinion is only this, that he
is not _free to will_, or which is all one, he is not master of his
future will. After much unorderly discourse he comes in with “this is
the doctrine that flows from this opinion of absolute necessity;” which
is impertinent; seeing nothing flows from it more than may be drawn from
the confession of an eternal prescience.