Men conceive _indignation_ against others, not for their virtues, as justice, &c.; for these make men worthy; and in _indignation_ we think men unworthy: but for those goods which men indued with virtue, and noble men, and handsome men are worthy of. And for newly-gotten power and riches, rather than for ancient; and especially if by these he has gotten other goods, as by riches, command. The reason why we conceive greater _indignation_ against new than ancient riches, is that the former seem to possess that which is none of theirs, but the ancient seem to have but their own: for with common people, to have been so long, is to be so by right. And for the bestowing of goods incongruously: as when the arms of the most valiant Achilles were bestowed on the most eloquent Ulysses. And for the comparison of the inferior in the same thing, as when one valiant is compared with a more valiant; or whether absolutely superior, as when a good scholar is compared with a good man. _Apt_ to indignation are: they that think themselves worthy of the greatest goods, and do possess them. And they that are good. And they that are ambitious. And such as think themselves deserve better what another possesseth, than he that hath it. _Least apt_ to indignation are, such as are of a poor, servile, and not ambitious nature. Who they are, that rejoice or grieve not at the adversity of him that suffers worthily, and in what occasions, may be gathered from the contrary of what has been already said. Whoever therefore would turn away the _compassion_ of the judge, he must make him apt to _indignation_; and shew that his adversary is unworthy of the good, and worthy of the evil which happens to him. ========== CHAPTER XII. OF ENVY. _Envy_ is grief for the prosperity of such as ourselves, arising not from any hurt that we, but from the good that they receive. Such as ourselves, I call those that are equal to us in blood, in age, in abilities, in glory, or in means. They are apt to _envy_: that are within a little of the highest. And those that are extraordinarily honoured for some quality that is singular in them, especially wisdom or good fortune. And such as would be thought wise. And such as catch at glory in every action. And men of poor spirits; for every thing appears great to them. The _things_ which men envy in others are: such as bring glory. And goods of fortune. And such things as we desire for ourselves. And things in the possession whereof we exceed others, or they us, a little.