Kant enforces his point by arguing that if the first portion of creation
were a human hand, it would have to be either a right or a left hand.
Also, a different act of creation would be demanded according as it was
the one or the other. But if the hand alone existed, and there were no
pre-existing space, there would be no inward difference in the relations
of its parts, and nothing outside it to differentiate it. It would
therefore be entirely indeterminate in nature, _i.e._ would suit either
side of the body, which is impossible.
This adoption of the Newtonian view of space in 1768 was an important
step forward in the development of Kant’s teaching, but could not, in
view of the many metaphysical difficulties to which it leads, be
permanently retained; and in the immediately following year--a year
which, as he tells us,[629] “gave great light”--he achieved the final
synthesis which enabled him to combine all that he felt to be essential
in the opposing views. Though space is an absolute and preconditioning
source of differences which are not conceptually resolvable, it is a
merely subjective form of our sensibility.
Now it is significant that when Kant expounds this view in the
_Dissertation_ of 1770, the argument from incongruous counterparts is no
longer employed to establish the absolute and pre-conditioning
character of space, but only to prove that it is a pure non-conceptual
intuition.
“Which things in a given space lie towards one side, and which lie
towards the other, cannot by any intellectual penetration be
discursively described or reduced to intellectual marks. For in
solids that are completely similar and equal, but incongruent, such
as the right and the left hand (conceived solely in terms of their
extension), or spherical triangles from two opposite hemispheres,
there is a diversity which renders impossible the coincidence of
their spatial boundaries. This holds true, even though they can be
substituted for one another in all those respects which can be
expressed in marks that are capable of being made intelligible to
the mind through speech. It is therefore evident that the
diversity, that is, the incongruity, can only be apprehended by
some species of pure intuition.”[630]