The Philosophy of Immanuel Kant — Kant — John Shaqi
The Philosophy of Immanuel Kant
Kant · en
In the _Prolegomena_, a work in which he summarises the results of the
first _Critique_, Kant describes the _Critique_ as an answer to three
questions: How is mathematics possible? How is pure science of nature
or physics possible? and, How is metaphysics possible? Something of the
nature of his answer to the third, and for him the most important,
question, may be gathered from the fact that he explains that the third
question should not be put in the form, How is metaphysics as a science
possible? That question can only be answered by saying that it is not
possible. But it is still allowable and necessary to ask, How is
metaphysics possible as a natural disposition of the mind? For the main
result of his inquiries into the place of reason in the sciences is to
show that reason is successful in the sciences only because of the
presence of certain conditions which are wanting in metaphysics. At
first sight we might think it natural that the objects of metaphysics
which Kant enumerates as God, Freedom, and Immortality should be
understood by reason, and find it more difficult to explain how reason
should apply to the world of ordinary experience. The knowledge of
everyday things is thought of as empirical, a matter of observation;
while we are inclined to think that, if there is rational knowledge, it
is knowledge of something else, of the mere agreement or disagreement of
ideas (as Hume thought), or of the essences of things, known
independently and apart from perception, as Plato thought. Kant argues
that the combination of a priori reasoning and empirical observation,
which earlier thinkers had found so puzzling in the exact sciences,
exhibits the only possible use of reason, that reason, divorced from and
with no reference to the world of experience, is barren, and that
consequently metaphysics, if that be taken to mean a rational knowledge
of objects which are outside of our experience, does not exist. We are
left with metaphysics as a natural disposition; for Kant holds that the
questions which metaphysics seeks to answer arise from the nature of
reason and its relation to experience, though their answer is to be
sought not in knowledge but in action.