[Footnote 3: In the last half of this sentence, all the essential words-- _necessary_, _acquainted_, _character_, _uses_, _element_, _important_, are Latin (except _character_, which is Greek).] 16. +The Latin Contributions and their Dates.+-- The first contribution of Latin words was made by the Romans-- not, however, to the English, but to the Britons. The Romans held this island from A.D. +43+ to A.D. +410+. They left behind them-- when they were obliged to go-- a small contribution of six words-- six only, but all of them important. The second contribution-- to a large extent ecclesiastical-- was made by Augustine and his missionary monks from Rome, and their visit took place in the year +596+. The third contribution was made through the medium of the Norman-French, who seized and subdued this island in the year +1066+ and following years. The fourth contribution came to us by the aid of the Revival of Learning-- rather a process than an event, the dates of which are vague, but which may be said to have taken place in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The Latin left for us by the Romans is called +Latin of the First Period+; that brought over by the missionaries from Rome, +Latin of the Second Period+; that given us by the Norman-French, +Latin of the Third Period+; and that which came to us from the Revival of Learning, +Latin of the Fourth Period+. The first consists of a few names handed down to us through the Britons; the second, of a number of words-- mostly relating to ecclesiastical affairs-- brought into the spoken language by the monks; the third, of a large vocabulary, that came to us by +mouth+ and +ear+; and the fourth, of a very large treasure of words, which we received by means of +books+ and the +eye+. Let us now look more closely and carefully at them, each in its turn. 17. +Latin of the First Period+ (i).-- The Romans held Britain for nearly four hundred years; and they succeeded in teaching the wealthier classes among the Southern Britons to speak Latin. They also built towns in the island, made splendid roads, formed camps at important points, framed good laws, and administered the affairs of the island with considerable justice and uprightness. But, never having come directly into contact with the Angles or Saxons themselves, they could not in any way influence their language by oral communication-- by speaking to them. What they left behind them was only six words, most of which became merely the prefixes or the suffixes of the names of places. These six words were +Castra+, a camp; +Strata+ (_via_), a paved road; +Colonia+, a settlement (generally of soldiers); +Fossa+, a trench; +Portus+, a harbour; and +Vallum+, a rampart.