29. +Norman Words+ (_f_).-- Some of the church terms introduced by the Norman-French are: +Altar+, +Bible+; +baptism+, +ceremony+; +friar+; +tonsure+; +penance+, +relic+. --The Normans gave us the words +title+ and +dignity+ themselves, and also the following titles: +Duke+, +marquis+; +count+, +viscount+; +peer+; +mayor+, and others. A duke is a _leader_; from the Latin _dux_ (= _duc-s_). A +marquis+ is a lord who has to ride the _marches_ or borders between one county, or between one country, and another. A marquis was also called a +Lord-Marcher+. The word +count+ never took root in this island, because its place was already occupied by the Danish name _earl_; but we preserve it in the names +countess+ and +viscount+-- the latter of which means a person _in the place of_ (L. _vice_) a count. +Peer+ comes from the Latin _par_, an equal. The House of Peers is the House of Lords-- that is, of those who are, at least when in the House, _equal_ in rank and _equal_ in power of voting. It is a fundamental doctrine in English law that every man “is to be tried by his _peers_.” --It is worthy of note that, in general, the +French+ names for different kinds of food designated the +cooked+ meats; while the names for the +living+ animals that furnish them are +English+. Thus we have _beef_ and _ox_; _mutton_ and _sheep_; _veal_ and _calf_; _pork_ and _pig_. There is a remarkable passage in Sir Walter Scott’s ‘Ivanhoe,’ which illustrates this fact with great force and picturesqueness:-- “‘Gurth, I advise thee to call off Fangs, and leave the herd to their destiny, which, whether they meet with bands of travelling soldiers, or of outlaws, or of wandering pilgrims, can be little else than to be converted into Normans before morning, to thy no small ease and comfort.’ “‘The swine turned Normans to my comfort!’ quoth Gurth; ‘expound that to me, Wamba, for my brain is too dull, and my mind too vexed, to read riddles.’ “‘Why, how call you those grunting brutes running about on their four legs?’ demanded Wamba. “‘Swine, fool, swine,’ said the herd; ‘every fool knows that.’ “‘And swine is good Saxon,’ said the jester; ‘but how call you the sow when she is flayed, and drawn, and quartered, and hung up by the heels, like a traitor?’ “‘Pork,’ answered the swine-herd. “‘I am very glad every fool knows that too,’ said Wamba; ‘and pork, I think, is good Norman-French: and so when the brute lives, and is in the charge of a Saxon slave, she goes by her Saxon name; but becomes a Norman, and is called pork, when she is carried to the castle-hall to feast among the nobles; what dost thou think of this, friend Gurth, ha?’ “‘It is but too true doctrine, friend Wamba, however it got into thy fool’s pate.’