A System of Logic: Ratiocinative and Inductive, 7th Edition, Vol. I
John Stuart Mill · en
The account which I should give of this progress of the scientific mind
is somewhat different. After a general law of nature has been
ascertained, men's minds do not at first acquire a complete facility of
familiarly representing to themselves the phenomena of nature in the
character which that law assigns to them. The habit which constitutes
the scientific cast of mind, that of conceiving facts of all
descriptions conformably to the laws which regulate them--phenomena of
all descriptions according to the relations which have been ascertained
really to exist between them; this habit, in the case of newly
discovered relations, comes only by degrees. So long as it is not
thoroughly formed, no necessary character is ascribed to the new truth.
But in time, the philosopher attains a state of mind in which his mental
picture of nature spontaneously represents to him all the phenomena with
which the new theory is concerned, in the exact light in which the
theory regards them: all images or conceptions derived from any other
theory, or from the confused view of the facts which is anterior to any
theory, having entirely disappeared from his mind. The mode of
representing facts which results from the theory, has now become, to his
faculties, the only natural mode of conceiving them. It is a known
truth, that a prolonged habit of arranging phenomena in certain groups,
and explaining them by means of certain principles, makes any other
arrangement or explanation of these facts be felt as unnatural: and it
may at last become as difficult to him to represent the facts to himself
in any other mode, as it often was, originally, to represent them in
that mode.
But, further, if the theory is true, as we are supposing it to be, any
other mode in which he tries, or in which he was formerly accustomed, to
represent the phenomena, will be seen by him to be inconsistent with the
facts that suggested the new theory--facts which now form a part of his
mental picture of nature. And since a contradiction is always
inconceivable, his imagination rejects these false theories, and
declares itself incapable of conceiving them. Their inconceivableness to
him does not, however, result from anything in the theories themselves,
intrinsically and _à priori_ repugnant to the human faculties; it
results from the repugnance between them and a portion of the facts;
which facts as long as he did not know, or did not distinctly realize in
his mental representations, the false theory did not appear other than
conceivable; it becomes inconceivable, merely from the fact that
contradictory elements cannot be combined in the same conception.
Although, then, his real reason for rejecting theories at variance with
the true one, is no other than that they clash with his experience, he
easily falls into the belief, that he rejects them because they are
inconceivable, and that he adopts the true theory because it is
self-evident, and does not need the evidence of experience at all.