A System of Logic, Ratiocinative and Inductive (Vol. 1 of 2)
John Stuart Mill · en
The simplest and most correct notion of a Definition is, a proposition
declaratory of the meaning of a word; namely, either the meaning which it
bears in common acceptation, or that which the speaker or writer, for the
particular purposes of his discourse, intends to annex to it.
The definition of a word being the proposition which enunciates its
meaning, words which have no meaning are unsusceptible of definition.
Proper names, therefore, cannot be defined. A proper name being a mere
mark put upon an individual, and of which it is the characteristic
property to be destitute of meaning, its meaning cannot of course be
declared; though we may indicate by language, as we might indicate still
more conveniently by pointing with the finger, upon what individual that
particular mark has been, or is intended to be, put. It is no definition
of “John Thomson” to say he is “the son of General Thomson;” for the name
John Thomson does not express this. Neither is it any definition of “John
Thomson” to say he is “the man now crossing the street.” These
propositions may serve to make known who is the particular man to whom the
name belongs; but that may be done still more unambiguously by pointing to
him, which, however, has not usually been esteemed one of the modes of
definition.
In the case of connotative names, the meaning, as has been so often
observed, is the connotation; and the definition of a connotative name, is
the proposition which declares its connotation. This may be done either
directly or indirectly. The direct mode would be by a proposition in this
form: “Man” (or whatsover the word may be) “is a name connoting such and
such attributes,” or “is a name which, when predicated of anything,
signifies the possession of such and such attributes by that thing.” Or
thus: Man is everything which possesses such and such attributes: Man is
everything which possesses corporeity, organization, life, rationality,
and certain peculiarities of external form.