My best thanks are due to the friends and the photographers who have enabled me to provide the book with illustrations, maps, and plans, thus making the study of the subject clearer and more interesting. The plan of the so-called Prisons of Anemas by Hanford W. Edson, Esq., the sketches by Mrs. Walker, the photographs taken by Professor Ormiston, and the maps and plans drawn by Arthur E. Henderson, Esq., are particularly valuable. I wish to express my gratitude also to the many friends who accompanied me on my explorations of the city, thereby facilitating the accomplishment of my work, and associating it with delightful memories. ALEXANDER VAN MILLINGEN. Robert College, Constantinople, _September, 1899_. CONTENTS I. THE SITE OF CONSTANTINOPLE—THE LIMITS OF BYZANTIUM 1 II. THE CITY OF CONSTANTINE—ITS LIMITS—FORTIFICATIONS—INTERIOR ARRANGEMENT 15 III. THE THEODOSIAN WALLS 40 IV. THE GATES IN THE THEODOSIAN WALLS—THE GOLDEN GATE 59 V. THE GATES IN THE THEODOSIAN WALLS—_continued_ 74 VI. REPAIRS ON THE THEODOSIAN WALLS 95 VII. THE PALACE OF THE PORPHYROGENITUS (TEKFOUR SERAI) 109 VIII. THE FORTIFICATIONS ON THE NORTH-WESTERN SIDE OF THE CITY, BEFORE THE SEVENTH CENTURY 115 IX. THE WALL OF THE EMPEROR MANUEL COMNENUS 122 X. THE TOWER OF ANEMAS: THE TOWER OF ISAAC ANGELUS 131 XI. INMATES OF THE PRISON OF ANEMAS 154 XII. THE WALL OF THE EMPEROR HERACLIUS: THE WALL OF THE EMPEROR LEO THE ARMENIAN 164 XIII. THE SEAWARD WALLS 178 XIV. THE WALLS ALONG THE GOLDEN HORN 194 XV. THE WALLS ALONG THE GOLDEN HORN—_continued_ 212 XVI. THE WALLS ALONG THE SEA OF MARMORA 248 XVII. THE HARBOURS ON THE SEA OF MARMORA 268 XVIII. THE HARBOURS ON THE SEA OF MARMORA—_continued_ 288 XIX. THE HEBDOMON 316 XX. THE ANASTASIAN WALL 342 TABLE OF EMPERORS 344 INDEX 349 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. MAP OF CONSTANTINOPLE IN 1422. (_By Bondelmontius_) _Frontispiece_ BUST OVER THE GATE OF GYROLIMNÈ xi INSCRIPTION FROM THE STADIUM OF BYZANTIUM _To face_ 14 MAP OF BYZANTINE CONSTANTINOPLE “ 19 MAP OF THE LAND WALLS OF CONSTANTINOPLE “ 41 PORTION OF THE THEODOSIAN WALLS (BETWEEN THE GATE OF THE DEUTERON AND YEDI KOULÈ KAPOUSSI) _To face_ 46 PORTION OF THE THEODOSIAN WALLS (FROM WITHIN THE CITY) “ 52 AQUEDUCT ACROSS THE MOAT OF THE THEODOSIAN WALLS “ 56 COIN OF THE EMPEROR THEODOSIUS II. “ 56 PLAN OF THE GOLDEN GATE “ 60 THE GOLDEN GATE (INNER) “ 64 THE GOLDEN GATE (OUTER) “ 68 YEDI KOULÈ KAPOUSSI “ 72 THE GATE OF THE PEGÈ “ 76 THE GATE OF RHEGIUM “ 78 THE GATE OF ST. ROMANUS 80 THE GATE OF CHARISIUS 80 VIEW ACROSS THE VALLEY OF THE LYCUS (LOOKING NORTH) 86 THE (SO-CALLED) KERKO PORTA 93 INSCRIPTIONS ON THE GATE OF RHEGIUM _To face_ 96 TOWER OF THE THEODOSIAN WALLS (WITH INSCRIPTION IN HONOUR OF THE EMPERORS LEO III. AND CONSTANTINE V.) _To face_ 98 INSCRIPTION IN HONOUR OF THE EMPERORS LEO III. AND CONSTANTINE V. 99 MONOGRAMS ON NINTH TOWER, NORTH OF THE GATE OF PEGÈ 100