Take: Bicarbonate of potassa 2 drams Water 1 ounce Hive syrup, Paregoric, of each ½ ounce Mix and give half to one teaspoonful every two hours until relieved; then every four to six hours. What we have considered thus far is also called spasmodic, catarrhal or _false_ croup, to distinguish it from another variety that is described under the name of _membranous_ or diphtheritic croup. This form of croup as its name indicates is characterized by a membrane which forms upon the surface of the inflamed mucous membrane of the larynx as an exudation, and sometimes the croupous membrane extends down into the windpipe or trachea. This variety of croup begins just like the simple or catarrhal form only as the disease progresses the symptoms gradually grow worse, and remain persistent. It is fortunately a very rare disease and almost always fatal when it does occur. An ordinary or catarrhal croup may, when neglected, run into the membranous form and for that reason children who are croupous, no matter how light it may appear, should be carefully nursed until the symptoms have passed off. The treatment for membranous croup has been on the whole very unsatisfactory; the membrane which forms in the larynx and windpipe is the cause of suffocating the child, and the question how to remove this has never as yet been answered. Of course a great many remedies have been suggested and used but at times all have disappointed. The successful case of membranous croup that I treated many years ago was cured by giving the little patient inhalations of lime water with a steam atomizer and besides giving whisky and milk as nourishment; how much of the success in this case was due to the child’s vigorous constitution and how much to the treatment will always remain a mystery. In the commencement, the same treatment that was recommended for false croup is advisable; later on the skill of a good physician is required. (_h_) Bronchitis or catarrh of the bronchial tubes is generally the cause of the ordinary cough due to exposure or taking cold. Its danger depends upon the severity of the bronchial inflammation and upon the age of the patient; the younger the child the more dangerous the disease. In older children or adults there is no connection between a bronchitis and a pneumonia, but in infants or children under two years of age who are suffering from bronchitis the tendency toward a complication with pneumonia is ever present; in fact, in children of this age, pneumonia usually begins in that way.