deposits a single egg upon the older bark of the vine; such eggs do not hatch until the spring, when they give rise to the wingless females that start the galls on the leaves. Control depends on the use of phylloxera-resistant stocks, since it is from the root colonies of the aphis that the foliage is re-infested in the spring. An important feature is to prevent the scion from sending down roots where the union of the scion and root stock is close to the soil; if such scion roots form, they should be cut away and the soil removed from the union. ROSE APHIS(_Macrosiphum rosæ_).--The rose aphis is perhaps one of the best-known insects of the garden, mainly owing to its prevalence upon the young growth of all kinds of roses; it sometimes occurs on apple, tomato and rhododendrons. In a colony some of the insects are pink, and others bright green, though in the winged forms the head, antennæ, thorax, a row of spots on each side of the abdomen, and the “honey-tubes” are black; in both winged and wingless forms the eyes are red. In the case of severe infestations, plant growth is retarded and the leaves and flowers become distorted. Control can be effected by applications of nicotine-sulphate, kerosene, or soap solution. APPLE WOOLLY APHIS(_Eriosoma lanigerum_).--Although frequently called “American Blight,” the apple woolly aphis is probably a native of Europe. It occurs throughout New Zealand, and was a very serious pest until controlled by the Aphelinus parasite. The presence of this insect is made apparent by the characteristic white woolly patches (Fig. 9, 6) which appear upon the apple trees, due to the woolly material secreted by the aphid. Another feature is that the part of the tree attacked, even after the insects have disappeared, is disfigured by gnarled swellings, due to abnormal thickening of the inner bark. This species also infests apple tree roots, which become similarly malformed. However, root infestation has been overcome by using root stocks, such as Northern Spy, that are immune. The individuals comprising a colony of woolly aphis are variously coloured, yellow, green and red predominating; a considerable amount of honey-dew is secreted. This species has been found to migrate to the foliage of the elm and mountain ash, but in New Zealand the elm-infesting form has not been found to occur. The insect becomes active in spring, and rapidly increases until the autumn. Under favourable climatic conditions, winged females develop and produce males and females, the latter laying eggs. The woolly aphis is preyed upon by the nine-spotted ladybird, but, as this beetle is itself the victim of another insect, its utility is greatly minimised. The most important check to the aphis is the Aphelinus parasite (_Aphelinus mali_), the influence of which has been spectacular under New Zealand conditions.