Chapter V. Of the Law of Universal Causation. § 1. The universal law of successive phenomena is the Law of Causation 360 2. —i.e. the law that every consequent has an invariable antecedent 363 3. The cause of a phenomenon is the assemblage of its conditions 365 4. The distinction of agent and patient illusory 373 5. The cause is not the invariable antecedent, but the unconditional invariable antecedent 375 6. Can a cause be simultaneous with its effect? 380 7. Idea of a Permanent Cause, or original natural agent 383 8. Uniformities of coexistence between effects of different permanent causes, are not laws 386 9. Doctrine that volition is an efficient cause, examined 387 Chapter VI. Of the Composition of Causes. § 1. Two modes of the conjunct action of causes, the mechanical and the chemical 405 2. The composition of causes the general rule; the other case exceptional 408 3. Are effects proportional to their causes? 412 Chapter VII. Of Observation and Experiment. § 1. The first step of inductive inquiry is a mental analysis of complex phenomena into their elements 414 2. The next is an actual separation of those elements 416 3. Advantages of experiment over observation 417 4. Advantages of observation over experiment 420 [Pg xvii] Chapter VIII. Of the Four Methods of Experimental Inquiry. § 1. Method of Agreement 425 2. Method of Difference 428 3. Mutual relation of these two methods 429 4. Joint Method of Agreement and Difference 433 5. Method of Residues 436 6. Method of Concomitant Variations 437 7. Limitations of this last method 443 Chapter IX. Miscellaneous Examples of the Four Methods. § 1. Liebig's theory of metallic poisons 449 2. Theory of induced electricity 453 3. Dr. Wells' theory of dew 457 4. Dr. Brown-Séquard's theory of cadaveric rigidity 465 5. Examples of the Method of Residues 471 6. Dr. Whewell's objections to the Four Methods 475 Chapter X. Of Plurality of Causes; and of the Intermixture of Effects. § 1. One effect may have several causes 482 2. —which is the source of a characteristic imperfection of the Method of Agreement 483 3. Plurality of Causes, how ascertained 487 4. Concurrence of Causes which do not compound their effects 489 5. Difficulties of the investigation, when causes compound their effects 494 6. Three modes of investigating the laws of complex effects 499 7. The method of simple observation inapplicable 500 8. The purely experimental method inapplicable 501