Letters to the young from the Old World : $b Notes of travel
John Stuart Mill · en
In some towns and villages wood is very scarce and the fuel consists of
grass and dried manure. When riding through a village one day we noticed
something sticking against the low stone wall, and we naturally wondered
what the strange decoration could be. On getting near the wall, to our
utter surprise, we found it to be manure which women had made into cakes
and placed there to dry. Some day it would be cast into the oven with the
bunches of grass.
In our Savior’s time grass was burned; for we read, “Wherefore, if God
so clothe the grass of the field, which to day is, and to morrow is cast
into the oven, shall he not much more clothe you, O ye of little faith?”
The village oven was rather odd looking, being shaped very much like a
large jug. There was an opening near the ground for fire, and a hole in
the top for the escape of smoke.
When bread is made by mixing flour and water into a thin batter, it is
baked by being poured on the outside of a heated oven. This makes thin,
wafer-like cakes. But when a stiff dough is made it is baked between two
fires made of manure; and when baked in that way it is said the smell of
manure is noticeable. We did not tarry long in that village, therefore
escaped tasting the vile stuff called bread.
Baking seems to have been women’s work ages ago, for we have an account
of Samuel telling the Israelites what they might expect if a new
king reigned over them, as they greatly desired. After enumerating
many things, Samuel said, “And he will take your daughters to be
confectionaries, and to be cooks, and to be bakers.” Then we read how
“two women shall be grinding at the mill, the one shall be taken, and the
other left.” Grinding flour in small stone mills daily was woman’s work,
and making bread followed immediately after. But I have written enough
to show that what we saw corresponded well with Bible accounts; and it
greatly strengthened our belief in the Book of books.
When we started from Jerusalem there was bread enough taken along to
supply our wants till the city of Nazareth was reached; but by that time
it was not only very stale, but mouldy too. When the fresh supply was
given us you may be sure it was welcome. Our bread was baked in the city
oven and wood used for fuel. There may have been plenty of dirt in the
flour, but I am very sure there was no odor of manure about the bread.