Another way is to carve the heads and paws out of soft wood. A third way is to cut them out of suitable cloth. A fourth way is to make them out of papier-mâché in the same way as the papier-mâché heads described on page 67. This illustration will show you how the lower jaw is cut out and then attached in such a way that the puppeteer can open and close the mouth. _Scale._ Before you begin to make your marionette, you must decide upon the kind of stage you intend to use, for the size of the stage determines the size of the marionette. It is the right relation of the marionette to the stage that creates an illusion and makes your audience feel that the little figures are life-size. For the semi-professional stage, use a scale of 2½ inches or 3 inches to the foot. If you use a scale of 2½ inches to a foot, it would make a 15-inch marionette represent a 6-foot man. If you use a scale of 3 inches to a foot, your 6-foot hero would be represented by a marionette 18 inches high. Never forget your scale of measurements. All properties and stage settings must be worked out to the same scale you have fixed for your marionettes. TURNING DOLLS INTO MARIONETTES A very simple kind of marionette can be made from a ten- or fifteen-cent doll. Change the face as you did the Burattini face. Then take off the arms and legs and separate the arms at the elbows and the legs at the knees. Fasten the upper and lower arms together with tape. Do the same thing with the upper and lower legs. Then fasten the arms and legs to the body as in the illustration. The tape gives free movement at the joints. [Illustration: [Marionette]] _Strings._ This type of marionette requires not more than seven strings: two for the shoulders, two for the hands, two for the knees, and one for the back. The shoulder string should be about 42 inches long. The other strings are longer as you can see in the illustration. Waxed black linen thread can be used for the strings. _Controllers._ For this kind of marionette you can use either a horizontal-bar controller or a cross-bar controller. The illustration gives measurements and construction, and indicates the place for attaching the strings. [Illustration: [Controller]] A _Horizontal-bar controller_ 1. _Back string_ 2. _Shoulder strings_ 3. _Hand strings_ B _Cross-bar controller_ 1. _Hand strings_ 2. _Head strings_ 3. _Shoulder strings_ 4. _Back strings_ 5. _Leather strap under which the hand slips_ C _Foot controller_ 1. _Foot strings_ 2. _Hole to slip over nail in controller B when not in use._ STOCKING MARIONETTE