Produced by Suzanne Shell, Mary Meehan and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.) [Illustration: A KAFEDJI] PEEPS AT MANY LANDS TURKEY BY JULIUS R. VAN MILLINGEN WITH TWELVE FULL PAGE ILLUSTRATIONS IN COLOUR BY WARWICK GOBLE LONDON ADAM AND CHARLES BLACK 1911 [Illustration: THE BRIDGE FROM GALATA TO STAMBOUL.] CONTENTS I. GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY 5 II. ALBANIANS, POMAKS, TARTARS, AND BULGARIANS 11 III. CIRCASSIANS, LAZES, AND KURDS 22 IV. ARMENIANS 27 V. GREEKS AND VLACHS 36 VI. JEWS--SUPERSTITIONS 48 VII. GIPSIES--SUPERSTITIONS 54 VIII. SYRIANS, DRUSES, MARONITES, AND BEDOUINS 57 IX. TURKS 61 X. THE FAITH OF ISLAM 72 XI. GAMES 78 XII. DOGS 85 XIII. THE GALATA BRIDGE AND THE BAZAARS 90 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS THE BRIDGE FROM GALATA TO STAMBOUL _Frontispiece_ ROUMELI HISSAR (BOSPHORUS) 9 A SIMITDJI 16 A STAMBOUL BEGGAR 25 IN THE GRAND BAZAAR 32 A SHEKERDJI's SHOP 41 A CEMETERY BY THE BOSPHORUS 48 A FORTUNE-TELLER 57 A TURKISH LADY IN OUTDOOR DRESS 64 INTERIOR OF THE MOSQUE OF SULTAN AHMED I. 73 A HOWLING DERVISH 80 A KAFEDJI _On the cover_ Sketch-Map of Turkey _page iv_ [Illustration: SKETCH-MAP OF TURKEY.] TURKEY CHAPTER I GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY The Empire of Turkey, through which I propose to conduct you, stretches over portions of Europe and Asia--the slender thread of the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles being the division between the two continents. A rapid current rushes through these channels, but in some places they are so narrow that you can shout across from Europe to Asia, and it is no uncommon thing to hear the dogs barking from the other side. Turkey in Europe spreads northwards from these points up to Bulgaria, and consists of a long strip of country extending from the Black Sea to the Adriatic.