E-text prepared by Stacy Brown, Thierry Alberto, Henry Craig, and the Project Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team (http://www.pgdp.net) THE ENGLISH UTILITARIANS by LESLIE STEPHEN In Three Volumes VOL. II JAMES MILL London Duckworth And Co. 3 Henrietta Street, W.C. 1900 CONTENTS CHAPTER I JAMES MILL PAGE I. Early Life, 1 II. Bentham's Lieutenant, 7 III. Leader of the Utilitarians, 25 CHAPTER II REFORM MOVEMENTS I. Political Change, 41 II. Law Reform, 47 III. Economic Reform, 51 IV. Church Reform, 57 V. Sinister Interests, 62 CHAPTER III POLITICAL THEORY I. Mill on Government, 74 II. Whiggism, 98 III. Conservatism, 109 IV. Socialism, 119 CHAPTER IV MALTHUS I. Malthus's Starting-point, 137 II. The Ratios, 147 III. Moral Restraint, 156 IV. Social Remedies, 165 V. Political Application, 174 VI. Rent, 181 CHAPTER V RICARDO I. Ricardo's Starting-point, 186 II. The Distribution Problem, 195 III. Value and Labour, 204 IV. The Classical Political Economy, 216 V. The Ricardians, 226 CHAPTER VI ECONOMIC HERETICS I. The Malthusian Controversy, 238 II. Socialism, 259 CHAPTER VII PSYCHOLOGY I. Thomas Brown, 267 II. James Mill's _Analysis_, 287 III. James Mill's Ethics, 312 CHAPTER VIII RELIGION I. Philip Beauchamp, 338 II. Contemporary Thought, 361 CHAPTER I JAMES MILL I. EARLY LIFE Bentham's mantle fell upon James Mill.[1] Mill expounded in the tersest form the doctrines which in Bentham's hands spread into endless ramifications and lost themselves in minute details. Mill became the leader of Bentham's bodyguard; or, rather, the mediator between the prophet in his 'hermitage' and the missionaries who were actively engaged on the hustings and in committee-rooms. The special characteristics of English Utilitarianism in the period of its greatest activity were thus more affected by Mill than by any other leader of opinion.