[203] Mr. James Bonar's _Malthus and his Work_ (1885) gives an admirable account of Malthus. The chief original authorities are a life by Bishop Otter, prefixed to a second edition of the _Political Economy_ (1831), and an article by Empson, Malthus's colleague, in the _Edinburgh Review_ for January 1837. [204] _Political Justice_ (3rd edition, 1798), ii. bk. viii. chap. ix., p. 514. [205] Wallace wrote in answer to Hume, _A Dissertation on the Numbers of Mankind in Ancient and Modern Times_ (1753), and _Various Prospects of Mankind_, and _Nature and Providence_ (1761). Godwin refers to the last. [206] _Political Justice_, ii. 520. [207] _Ibid._ ii. 528. [208] First published in 1795, after the first edition, as Godwin remarks, of the _Political Justice_. [209] _Ami des hommes_ (reprint of 1883), p. 15. [210] _Ami des hommes_, p. 26. [211] See the curious debate in _Parl. Hist._ xiv. 1318-1365. [212] The seventh edition of Price's _Observations on Reversionary Payments_, etc. (1812), contains a correspondence with Pitt (i. 216, etc.). The editor, W. Morgan, accuses Pitt of adopting Price's plans without due acknowledgment and afterwards spoiling them. [213] _Essay on Population_, p. 18. In _Observations_, ii. 141, he estimates the diminution at a million and a half. Other books referring to the same controversy are Howlett's _Examination of Dr. Price's Essay_ (1781); _Letter to Lord Carlisle_, by William Eden (1744-1814), first Lord Auckland; William Wales's _Enquiry into Present State of Population_, etc. (1781); and Geo. Chalmers's _Estimate of the Comparative Strength of Great Britain_ (1782 and several later editions). [214] _Essay_ (first edition), p. 339. [215] _Memoirs_, etc. (1819), ii. 10. [216] So Sir James Stewart, whose light was extinguished by Adam Smith, begins his _Enquiry into the Principles of Political Economy_ (1767) by discussing the question of population, and compares the 'generative faculty' to a spring loaded with a weight, and exerting itself in proportion to the diminution of resistance (_Works_, 1805, i. 22). He compares population to 'rabbits in a warren.' Joseph Townsend, in his _Journey Through Spain_ (1792), to whom Malthus refers, had discussed the supposed decay of the Spanish population, and illustrates his principles by a geometric progression: see ii. 213-56, 386-91. Eden, in his book on the poor (i. 214), quotes a tract attributed to Sir Matthew Hale for the statement that the poor increase on 'geometrical progression.' [217] _Malthus and his Work_, p. 85. [218] Voltaire says in the _Dictionnaire Philosophique_ (art. 'Population'): 'On ne propage point en Progression Géométrique. Tous les calculs qu'on a faits sur cette prétendue multiplication sont des chimères absurdes.' They had been used to reconcile the story of the deluge with the admitted population of the world soon afterwards.