Ana tsov = I will eat. Further shades of meaning are expressed by a large number of verbal modifiers which are added sometimes to the verbal root, and sometimes to the verbal root plus the termination -a. These modifiers are followed by the suffixes already mentioned. The commonest are as follow:— (1) vān indicates continuance. Alone it means “stay,” “remain,” “live.” Ana tsoavancho = I continued eating. Ana ochi vana = I live there. (2) kam also indicates continuance. Ana otsi tsoakāma = I am eating rice. (3) chak implies completion. Ana atsi tsochaka = I have eaten up my rice. A reduplicated form of chak is also sometimes used to express the English pluperfect. Ana atsi tsochakchaka = I had eaten up my rice. (4) sāla implies immediate future. Ana tsosala = I am just about to eat. (5) tok has a causative, or permissive sense. Ana shi tsotokala = I am making him eat. Shi tsotoka = Let him eat. (6) hng is a verbal root meaning “wish.” Ana tsohnga = I wish to eat. (7) pvu is added to the reduplicated verbal root to express frequency. Shina tsopvu tsopvu vanala = He is always eating. (8) lan or lam expresses repetition. Shina rolancho = He came back again. (9) ten or tem indicates the first doing of an act. Ana tsotencho = I ate first. (10) ta indicates that several people are acting together. Otena tsotala = They are eating together. (11) khān signifies absolute completeness. Ana atsi tsokhancho = I have eaten up all my rice. (12) nhyu indicates incompleteness. Ana otsi tsonhyua = I have eaten part of the rice. (13) s = “more.” Otsi apisa = Give me more rice (pi = “give”). (14) hrak = “got.” Ana otsi tsohraka = I got some rice to eat. (15) kok = ability. Ana oso tsokoka = I can eat meat. (16) che or cheyu also = ability. Ana otsi ntsoche = I cannot eat rice. [Imperative Mood.] The following examples show the shades of meaning of the terminations in use. tsoa = eat. tsosa = eat more. tsoalo = go on eating. [Participial Clauses.] The sense of English participles and participial clauses is given by postpositions and adverbs added to the verbal stem or the verbal stem plus a. Examples are as follow:— (1) -na “from,” “by,” the instrumental postposition. Ana otsi tsona... = { I, if I eat rice. { I, by eating rice. (2) -i = “at.” Shina amhungi atapcho = { He at seeing me struck me. { He struck me as soon as he saw me. (3) thang = “at the time of.” Ana tsoathang shina atapcho = He struck me when I was eating. (4) -le = “at the time of”—usually added to verbal modifier van. Ana tsoavanle shina atapcho = He struck me when I was eating.