IX. MAN AND THE GNAT 129 X. LIFE AT THE ISTHMUS 153 XI. THE PROBLEM OF CONSTRUCTION 172 XII. THE CULEBRA CUT 186 XIII. THE LOCKS 195 XIV. THE COMPLETED CANAL 207 XV. PANAMA AND THE ISTHMUS 226 XVI. THE NEW OCEAN HIGHWAYS 242 XVII. THE CANAL AND THE AMERICAS 265 XVIII. THE CANAL AND THE BRITISH EMPIRE 284 XIX. THE NEW PACIFIC 316 APPENDIX I.--HAY-PAUNCEFOTE TREATY 323 APPENDIX II.--PANAMA DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE 327 APPENDIX III.--HAY-BUNAU-VARILLA TREATY CLAUSES 1-9 AND 23 332 APPENDIX IV.--PROCLAMATION AS TO CANAL TOLL RATES 343 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Col. George W. Goethals, U.S.A. _Frontispiece_ Chairman and Chief Engineer Isthmian Canal Commission. Col. William C. Gorgas 144 Medical Department, U.S. Army, Head of the Department of Sanitation, Ancon. Culebra Cut, from West Bank 192 Gatun Locks, looking South-West 201 Gatun Upper Lock, looking North 208 Gatun Upper Lock--West Chamber 216 Pedro Miguel Locks 224 DATE HISTORY OF THE CANAL. Conquest of Constantinople by Turks 1453 Columbus's First Voyage 1492 Columbus discovers Bay of Limon 1497 Rodrigo de Bastidas, Balboa, and La Cosa reach the Isthmus 1500 Columbus's Fourth Voyage, vainly seeks the strait 1502 Balboa sights the Pacific Sept. 25, 1513 Pedrarias founds the old town of Panama 1519 Magellan discovers the straits that bear his name 1519-21 Gonzalez de Avila discovers Lake Nicaragua 1522 The quest of Isthmian Strait given up as hopeless _circa_ 1532 Gomara appeals to Charles V. to construct canal 1551 Drake sights the Pacific 1573 Philip III. directs surveys for Darien Canal 1616 English seize Jamaica 1655 Henry Morgan destroys old Panama 1671 Paterson's settlement at Panama 1698