WILD YAM (_Dioscorea Villosa_). The root is the part used. This is a powerful antispasmodic, and has been successfully used in bilious colic, nausea, and spasm of the bowels. _Dose_--Of the infusion (two ounces to a pint of water), one to two ounces; of the fluid extract, five to fifteen drops; of the concentrated principle, Dioscorein, one-half to one grain. HIGH CRANBERRY (_Viburnum Opulus._) The bark is the part used. It is also known as Cramp Bark. This is a powerful antispasmodic, and is effective in relaxing spasms of all kinds. It is a valuable agent in threatened abortion. _Dose_--Of the infusion, one-half to one ounce; of the fluid extract, one-half to one teaspoonful; of the concentrated principle, Viburnin, one-half to two grains. These doses may be increased if necessary. ASTRINGENTS. Astringents are medicines which condense and coagulate the tissues, thereby arresting discharges. When taken into the mouth, they produce the sensation known as puckering. They are used internally and locally. The term _styptic_ is used as a synonym of astringent, but is generally employed to designate those astringents which arrest hemorrhage, or bleeding. LOGWOOD (_Hæmatoxylon Campechianum_). Logwood is a mild astringent, well adapted to remedy the relaxed condition of the bowels after cholera infantum. _Dose_--Of powdered extract, five to ten grains; of the decoction, one ounce; of the fluid extract, fifteen to thirty drops. BLACKBERRY ROOT (_Rubus Villosus_). This astringent is a favorite, domestic remedy in affections of the bowels. _Dose_--Of the infusion (bruised root), one-half to one ounce, sweetened. [Illustration: Fig. 121. Witch-hazel. ] WITCH-HAZEL (_Hamamelis Virginica_). The parts used are the leaves and bark. This is a most valuable astringent and exerts a specific action upon the nervous system. It arrests many forms of uterine hemorrhage with great promptness, is a valuable agent in the treatment of piles, and is useful in many forms of chronic throat and bronchial affections. _Dose_-Of the infusion, one-fourth to one-half ounce; of the fluid extract, eight to fifteen grains; of the concentrated principle, Hamamelin, one fourth to one grain. [Illustration: Fig. 122. Cranesbill. ] CRANESBILL (_Geranium Maculatum_). The root is used. This plant is also known as Crow-foot, and Spotted Geranium. It is a pleasant, but powerful astringent. _Dose_--Of the fluid extract, ten to thirty drops; of the concentrated principle, Geranin, one to two grains. [Illustration: Fig. 123. Bugle-weed. ] [Illustration: Fig. 124. Hardhack. ] HARDHACK (_Spirea Tomentosa_), Spirea, or Meadow Sweet. The stem and leaves are used. It is a tonic and an astringent, and is used in diarrhea and cholera-infantum. _Dose_--Of the infusion, one-half to one ounce; of the fluid extract, three to six drops.