[5] Tenor C is the lowest note of the tenor voice or the tenor violin (viola). It is one octave from the bottom note of a modern organ keyboard, which is called CC. The lowest note of the pedal-board is CCC. Counting from the bottom upwards on the manual we have, therefore, CC (double C), C (tenor C), c (middle C), c|1| (treble C), c|2| (C in alt) and c|3| (C in altissimo). This is the highest note on the keyboard of 61 keys. According to the modern nomenclature of the _pianoforte_ keyboard this note is c|4|, and is frequently so stated erroneously in organ specifications. GG is four notes below CC, _the break in the scale coming between GG and FFF_. Tenor C is an important note to remember. Here is where the cheap builder came in again. He cut his stops short at tenor C, trusting to the pedal pipes to cover the deficiency. * * * * * * [Illustration: PROSPER-ANTOINE MOITESSIER, INVENTOR OF TUBULAR PNEUMATIC ACTION] In the year 1845, Prosper-Antoine Moitessier, an organ-builder of Montpellier, France, patented what he called "_abrege pneumatique_," an organ action in which all back-falls and rollers were replaced by tubes operated by exhaust air. In 1850 he built with this action an organ of 42 speaking stops for the church of Notre Dame de la Dalbade at Toulouse. This organ lasted 33 years. In 1866 Fermis, schoolmaster and village organist of Hanterire, near Toulouse, improved on Moitessier's action by combining tubes conveying compressed air with the Barker lever. An organ was built on this system for the Paris Exhibition of 1867, which came under the notice of Henry Willis, by which he was so struck that he was stimulated to experiment and develop his action, which culminated in the St. Paul's organ in 1872. (From article by Dr. Gabriel Bedart in Musical Opinion, London, July, 1908.) CHAPTER IV. PNEUMATIC AND ELECTRO-PNEUMATIC ACTIONS. Undoubtedly the first improvements to be named must be the pneumatic and electro-pneumatic actions. Without the use of these actions most of the advances we are about to chronicle would not have been effected. As before stated, Cavaille-Coll and Willis worked as pioneers in perfecting and in introducing the pneumatic action. The pneumatic action used by Willis, Cavaille-Coll and a score of other builders leaves little to be desired. It is thoroughly reliable and, where the keys are located close by the organ, is fairly prompt both in attack and repetition. Many of the pneumatic actions made to-day, however, are disappointing in these particulars. TUBULAR PNEUMATICS.[1]