28. _Pro Milone_.--At the trial of Milo _de vi_ in B.C. 52 Cicero was so intimidated by the uproar of the rabble that his speech was a failure, and Milo was condemned. The speech now extant was written by Cicero at his leisure. Both were known to Asconius,[28] who supplies a valuable introduction. 29. For six years we have no speech; but in 46 Cicero broke his rule of silence ('in perpetuum tacere,' _ad Fam._ iv. 4, 4), and in the speech _Pro Marcello_ thanked Caesar for allowing Marcellus, the consul of B.C. 51, to return to Rome. 30. On 26th November B.C. 46 he pleaded before Caesar the cause of Q. Ligarius (_Pro Ligario_). 31. In the latter part of B.C. 45 he delivered in Caesar's house the speech _Pro Rege Deiotaro_ on behalf of his 'hospes vetus et amicus,' the tetrarch of Galatia, accused of treachery to Caesar. 32. Cicero's oratorical career closes with the fourteen speeches against Antony, called _Philippics_, after the speeches of Demosthenes. This title was suggested by the author himself; cf. the letter of Brutus (_ad Brut._ ii. 5, 4), 'iam concedo ut vel Philippicae vocentur, quod tu quadam epistula iocans scripsisti.' It was the usual title in antiquity, though Gellius (xiii. 1, 1) uses the alternative _Antonianae_. The _Philippics_ cover the period from 2nd September 44 to 22nd April 43. They were all delivered in the Senate, except iv. and vi., which are _contiones_, and ii., which was never spoken, but published as a political pamphlet after Antony had left Rome: for its fame cf. Juv. 10, 125, 'Te conspicuae, divina Philippica, famae, volveris a prima quae proxima.' There are fragments of about twenty speeches, and the titles of thirty others are known. The invective _in Sallustium_, and the speech _Pridie quam in exilium iret_, are undoubtedly spurious. Many of the speeches were to a large extent extempore, the heads only being committed to writing. These notes were afterwards collected by Tiro (Quint. x. 7, 30-1). In publishing, Cicero occasionally omitted some passages of the spoken oration, _e.g._ in _Pro Mur._ 57 only the headings appear, 'De Postumi criminibus.' 'De Servi adulescentis': cf. Plin. _Ep._ i. 20, 7, 'ex his apparet illum permulta dixisse, cum ederet omisisse.' For the practice of reporting his speeches in shorthand cf. Ascon. _in Mil._ 'manet illa quoque excepta eius oratio' (his speech at Milo's trial). The only case in which Cicero appeared for the prosecution was that of Verres: the part of an accuser was generally distasteful to him; cf. _De Off._ ii. 50, 'duri hominis vel potius vix hominis videtur, periculum capitis inferre multis.' (b) Philosophical Works.