The training of teachers in the United States of America — John Stuart Mill — John Shaqi
The training of teachers in the United States of America
John Stuart Mill · en
The existence of State Normal Schools and City Training Schools
side by side suggests at once a fact which has an important bearing
on educational questions in the United States--viz., the absolute
distinction, as regards jurisdiction, between schools outside the
limits of a town or city, under the supervision of a State Board and
State Superintendent, and schools within the city radius, and under the
supervision of a Town or City Superintendent. In educational matters,
the city areas are completely exempt from State control. Their schools
and training schools are managed by local authorities, and supplied for
the most part by local funds. Hence it follows that City Normal and
Training Schools show even greater diversity of methods and arrangement
than is found in State Normal Schools, for their lines of work and
efficiency are entirely dependent upon the respective City Boards of
Education. One effect of local school administration is distinctly
undesirable. The appointment of the principal of the school by the
Educational Board, and the election of that Board by local vote,
produces, in many cities, a tendency to display, in order to cull
popular favour. The “graduation exercises,” yearly public ceremonies,
held in connection with almost all American schools and colleges,
consist, in the case of training schools, of various kinds of students’
and children’s exercises, to which the public are invited. Much
valuable time is taken by the students in preparing essays to be read
and lessons to be given in public; and in some cases the student or
teacher conducts an examination of her class in the presence of parents
and friends. Several such public exercises I heard, but in all cases
it was evident that true results of training, or honest results of
teaching, were not demonstrated. The endeavour to impress the audience,
besides involving great waste of time, seems likely to create an
unconscious dishonesty on the part of teachers, students, and children.
CITY NORMAL SCHOOLS.
The City Normal Schools are the local training schools, maintained by
the larger cities for the preparation of their own teachers.
They require as conditions of admission:--
i. Residence in the city.
ii. Satisfactory completion of the high schools course of the city.
iii. Statement of intention to teach in the schools of the city.
To all those who satisfy these conditions, and are eighteen years of
age or more, instruction is free, and completion of the professional
course entitles the student to become a teacher in any of the Common
Schools of the city.