Thunder and Lightning — John Stuart Mill — John Shaqi
Thunder and Lightning
John Stuart Mill · en
Generally speaking, clouds are, like the atmosphere, charged with
positive electricity. Sometimes, however, there are negative clouds.
You may frequently see, on the summits of mountains, clouds which seem
to cling to the peaks for a while, as though drawn to them by some
force of attraction, and then move away to follow the general
direction of the winds. It often happens that in this case the clouds
have lost their positive electricity in thus coming in contact with
the mountains, and have derived from them in its place the negative
electricity which, instead of holding them, has a tendency to drive
them off. A mass of clouds lying between the negative earth and a mass
of positive clouds above is almost neutral; the positive electricity
accumulates towards its lower surface, and the first drops of rain
will make it disappear. This mass will, from that moment, become like
the surface of the soil--that is to say, it will become negative under
the influence of the mass above it, endowed with a strong positive
tendency.
The cloud remains suspended in space until the moment when, under the
influence of the ambient medium, it dissolves in rain.
The causes of the instability of clouds are very numerous. My readers
are aware that the atmosphere is being constantly agitated by vast
currents which pass from the equator to the poles, and from which the
different winds result.
The clouds take part in this universal whirl of atmospheric waves.
Transported from one point to another--often far beyond the region
where they came into existence--subjected to every vicissitude of
atmosphere, and blown about by contrary currents, they follow the
gigantic movements which take the form sometimes of cyclones and
tempests.
Under the influence of warmth, and probably also by its
transformation, these movements engender great masses of electricity,
and presently, when the clouds have become saturated with it, the
electricity breaks out, and there is a thunderstorm.
The electric fluid, escaped from the cloud in which it has been
imprisoned, flies to unite itself, either with the negative
electricity stored in the surface of the earth, or else with the
electricity in other neighbouring clouds. Almost always the cloud torn
open by the electric discharge dissolves in rain or hail.
Thus a storm is the outcome of violent movements produced by the force
of electricity when this has reached its maximum of intensity.
Thunderstorms are generally heralded by certain premonitory signs. The
barometer goes down steadily. The air, calm and heavy, is pervaded by
a bitter sulphurous odour. The heat is stifling. An abnormal silence
reigns over the land. All this has a remarkable effect upon certain
organisms, and produces nervous complaints, a buzzing in the ears, a
sense of painful oppression, a sort of good-for-nothingness that we
combat in vain.