EARLY GREEK PHILOSOPHY & OTHER ESSAYS By FRIEDRICH NIETZSCHE TRANSLATED BY MAXIMILIAN A. MÜGGE AUTHOR OF "FR. NIETZSCHE, HIS LIFE AND WORK," ETC. The Complete Works of Friedrich Nietzsche The First Complete and Authorised English Translation Edited by Dr Oscar Levy Volume Two T.N. FOULIS 13 & 15 FREDERICK STREET EDINBURGH: AND LONDON 1911 CONTENTS TRANSLATOR'S PREFACE 1. THE GREEK STATE--Preface to an unwritten book (1871) 2. THE GREEK WOMAN--Fragment (1871) 3. ON MUSIC AND WORDS--Fragment (1871) 4. HOMER'S CONTEST--Preface to an unwritten book (1872) 5. THE RELATION OF SCHOPENHAUER'S PHILOSOPHY TO A GERMAN CULTURE --Preface to an unwritten book (1872) 6. PHILOSOPHY DURING THE TRAGIC AGE OF THE GREEKS (1873) 7. ON TRUTH AND FALSITY IN THEIR ULTRAMORAL SENSE (1873) TRANSLATOR'S PREFACE The essays contained in this volume treat of various subjects. With the exception of perhaps one we must consider all these papers as fragments. Written during the early Seventies, and intended mostly as prefaces, they are extremely interesting, since traces of Nietzsche's later tenets--like Slave and Master morality, the Superman--can be found everywhere. But they are also very valuable on account of the young philosopher's daring and able handling of difficult and abstruse subjects. "Truth and Falsity," and "The Greek Woman" are probably the two essays which will prove most attractive to the average reader. In the essay on THE GREEK STATE the two tenets mentioned above are clearly discernible, though the Superman still goes by the Schopenhauerian label "genius." Our philosopher attacks the modern ideas of the "dignity of man" and of the "dignity of labour," because Existence seems to be without worth and dignity. The preponderance of such illusory ideas is due to the political power nowadays vested in the "slaves." The Greeks saw no dignity in labour. They saw the necessity of it, and the necessity of slavery, but felt ashamed of both. Not even the labour of the artist did they admire, although they praised his completed work. If the Greeks perished through their slavery, one thing is still more certain: we shall perish through the lack of slavery. To the essence of Culture slavery is innate. It is part of it. A vast multitude must labour and "slave" in order that a few may lead an existence devoted to beauty and art. Strife and war are necessary for the welfare of the State. War consecrates and purines the State. The purpose of the military State is the creating of the military genius, the ruthless conqueror, the War-lord. There also exists a mysterious connection between the State in general and the creating of the genius. In THE GREEK WOMAN, Nietzsche, the man who said, "One cannot think highly enough of women," delineates his ideal of woman. Penelope, Antigone, Electra are his ideal types.