My greatest preoccupation hitherto has been the problem of _decadence,_ and I had reasons for this. "Good and evil" form only a playful subdivision of this problem. If one has trained one's eye to detect the symptoms of decline, one also understands morality,--one understands what lies concealed beneath its holiest names and tables of values: _e.g., impoverished_ life, the will to nonentity, great exhaustion. Morality _denies_ life.... In order to undertake such a mission I was obliged to exercise self-discipline:--I had to side against all that was morbid in myself including Wagner, including Schopenhauer, including the whole of modern _humanity._--A profound estrangement, coldness and soberness towards all that belongs to my age, all that was contemporary: and as the highest wish, Zarathustra's eye, an eye which surveys the whole phenomenon--mankind--from an enormous distance,--which look down upon it.--For such a goal--what sacrifice would not have been worth while? What "self-mastery"! What "self-denial"! The greatest event of my life took the form of a _recovery._ Wagner belongs only to my diseases. Not that I wish to appear ungrateful to this disease. If in this essay I support the proposition that Wagner is _harmful,_ I none the less wish to point out unto whom, in spite of all, he is indispensable--to the philosopher. Anyone else may perhaps be able to get on without Wagner: but the philosopher is not free to pass him by. The philosopher must be the evil conscience of his age,--but to this end he must be possessed of its best knowledge. And what better guide, or more thoroughly efficient revealer of the soul, could be found for the labyrinth of the modern spirit than Wagner? Through Wagner modernity speaks her most intimate language: it conceals neither its good nor its evil; it has thrown off all shame. And, conversely, one has almost calculated the whole of the value of modernity once one is clear concerning what is good and evil in Wagner. I can perfectly well understand a musician of to-day who says: "I hate Wagner but I can endure no other music." But I should also understand a philosopher who said: "Wagner is modernity in concentrated form." There is no help for it, we must first be Wagnerites.... THE CASE OF WAGNER 1.