On the other hand, it is of course equally necessary to induce physiologists and doctors to be interested in these problems (_of the value of the valuations_ which have prevailed up to the present): in this connection the professional philosophers may be trusted to act as the spokesmen and intermediaries in these particular instances, after, of course, they have quite succeeded in transforming the relationship between philosophy and physiology and medicine, which is originally one of coldness and suspicion, into the most friendly and fruitful reciprocity. In point of fact, all tables of values, all the "thou shalts" known to history and ethnology, need primarily a _physiological_, at any rate in preference to a psychological, elucidation and interpretation; all equally require a critique from medical science. The question, "What is the _value_ of this or that table of 'values' and morality?" will be asked from the most varied standpoints. For instance, the question of "valuable _for what_" can never be analysed with sufficient nicety. That, for instance, which would evidently have value with regard to promoting in a race the greatest possible powers of endurance (or with regard to increasing its adaptability to a specific climate, or with regard to the preservation of the greatest number) would have nothing like the same value, if it were a question of evolving a stronger species. In gauging values, the good of the majority and the good of the minority are opposed standpoints: we leave it to the naïveté of English biologists to regard the former standpoint as _intrinsically_ superior. _All_ the sciences have now to pave the way for the future task of the philosopher; this task being understood to mean, that he must solve the problem of _value_, that he has to fix the _hierarchy of values_. SECOND ESSAY. "GUILT," "BAD CONSCIENCE," AND THE LIKE. 1.