_The two paths._--There comes a period when man has a surplus amount of power at his disposal. Science aims at establishing the _slavery of nature._ Then man acquires the _leisure_ in which to develop himself into something new and more lofty. _A new aristocracy._ It is then that a large number of virtues which are now _conditions of existence_ are superseded.--Qualities which are no longer needed are on that account lost. We no longer need virtues: _consequently_ we are losing them (likewise the morality of "one thing is needful," of the salvation of the soul, and of immortality: these were means wherewith to make man capable of enormous self-tyranny, through the emotion of great fear!!!). The different kinds of needs by means of whose discipline man is formed: need teaches work, thought, and self-control. *** _Physiological_ purification and strengthening. The new aristocracy is in need of an opposing body which it may combat: it must be driven to extremities in order to maintain itself. _The two futures of mankind_: (1) the consequence of a levelling-down to mediocrity, (2) conscious aloofness and self-development. A doctrine which would cleave a _gulf:_ it maintains the _highest and the lowest species_ (it destroys the intermediate). The aristocracies, both spiritual and temporal, which have existed hitherto prove nothing _against_ the necessity of a new aristocracy. 4. The Lords of the Earth. 954. A certain question constantly recurs to us; it is perhaps a seductive and evil question; may it be whispered into the ears of those who have a right to such doubtful problems--those strong souls of to-day whose dominion over themselves is unswerving: is it not high time, now that the type "gregarious animal" is developing ever more and more in Europe, to set about rearing, thoroughly, artificially, and consciously, an opposite type, and to attempt to establish the latter's virtues? And would not the democratic movement itself find for the first time a sort of goal, salvation, and justification, if some one appeared who availed himself of it--so that at last, beside its new and sublime product, slavery (for this must be the end of European democracy), that higher species of ruling and Cæsarian spirits might also be produced, which would stand upon it, hold to it, and would elevate themselves through it? This new race would climb aloft to new and hitherto impossible things, to a broader vision, and to its task on earth. 955. The aspect of the European of to-day makes me very hopeful. A daring and ruling race is here building itself up upon the foundation of an extremely intelligent, gregarious mass. It is obvious that the educational movements for the latter are not alone prominent nowadays. 956. The same conditions which go to develop the gregarious animal also force the development of the leaders. 957.