The general principle of cosmogony, involved in the hypothesis of these three Milesians--one primordial substance or Something endued with motive and transmutative force, so as to generate all the variety of products, each successive and transient, which our senses witness--was taken up with more or less modification by others, especially by Diogenes of Apollonia, of whom I shall speak presently. But there were three other men who struck out different veins of thought--Pythagoras, Xenophanes, and Herakleitus: the two former seemingly contemporary with Anaximenes (550-490 B.C.), the latter somewhat later. [Side-note: Pythagoras--his life and career--Pythagorean brotherhood, great political influence which it acquired among the Greco-Italian cities--incurred great enmity and was violently put down.] Of Pythagoras I have spoken at some length in the thirty-seventh chapter of my History of Greece. Speculative originality was only one among many remarkable features in his character. He was an inquisitive traveller, a religious reformer or innovator, and the founder of a powerful and active brotherhood, partly ascetic, partly political, which stands without parallel in Grecian history. The immortality of the soul, with its transmigration (metempsychosis) after death into other bodies, either of men or of other animals--the universal kindred thus recognised between men and other animals, and the prohibition which he founded thereupon against the use of animals for food or sacrifice--are among his most remarkable doctrines: said to have been borrowed (together with various ceremonial observances) from the Egyptians.[22] After acquiring much celebrity in his native island of Samos and throughout Ionia, Pythagoras emigrated (seemingly about 530 B.C.) to Kroton and Metapontum in Lower Italy, where the Pythagorean brotherhood gradually acquired great political ascendancy: and from whence it even extended itself in like manner over the neighbouring Greco-Italian cities. At length it excited so much political antipathy among the body of the citizens,[23] that its rule was violently put down, and its members dispersed about 509 B.C. Pythagoras died at Metapontum. [Footnote 22: Herodot. ii. 81; Isokrates, Busirid. Encom. s. 28.] [Footnote 23: Polybius, ii. 39; Porphyry, Vit. Pythag. 54, seq.] [Side-note: The Pythagoreans continue as a recluse sect, without political power.]