Philolaus, "the Dekad, the full and perfect number, was of supreme and universal efficacy as the guide and principle of life, both to the Kosmos and to man. The nature of number was imperative and lawgiving, affording the only solution of all that was perplexing or unknown; without number all would be indeterminate and unknowable."[29] [Footnote 25: Aristotel. Metaphys. A. 5, p. 985, b. 27. [Greek: E)n de\ toi=s a)rithmoi=s, e)ndo/koun theôrei=n o(moiô/mata polla\ toi=s ou)=si kai\ gignome/nois, ma=llon ê)\ e)n puri\ kai\ gê=| kai\ u(/dati], &c. Cf. N. 3, p. 1090, a. 21.] [Footnote 26: Aristotel. Metaph. A. 9, p. 990, a. 16. [Greek: Dio\ peri\ puro\s ê)\ gê=s ê)\ tô=n a)/llôn tô=n toiou/tôn sôma/tôn ou)d' o(tiou=n ei)rê/kasin], &c. (the Pythagoreans); also N. 3.] [Footnote 27: Physic. iii. 4, p. 203, a. 6. [Greek: Ou) ga\r chôristo\n poiou=si] (the Pythagoreans) [Greek: to\n a)rithmo/n], &c. Metaphys. M. 6, p. 1080, b. 19: [Greek: ta\s mona/das u(polamba/nousin e)/chein me/gethos]. M. 8, p. 1083, b. 17: [Greek: e)kei=noi] (the Pythagoreans) [Greek: to\n a)rithmo\n ta\ o)/nta le/gousin; ta\ gou=n theôrê/mata prosa/ptousi toi=s sô/masin ô(s e)x e)kei/nôn o)/ntôn tô=n a)rithmô=n.]] [Footnote 28: An analogous application of this principle (Number as the fundamental substance and universal primary agent) may be seen in an eminent physical philosopher of the nineteenth century, Oken's Elements of Physio-Philosophy, translated by Tulk. Aphorism 57:--"While numbers in a mathematical sense are positions and negations of nothing, in the philosophical sense they are positions and negations of the Eternal. Every thing which is real, posited, finite, has become this, out of numbers; or more strictly speaking, every Real is absolutely nothing else than a number. This must be the sense entertained of numbers in the Pythagorean doctrine--namely, that every thing, or the whole universe, had arisen from numbers. This is not to be taken in a merely quantitative sense, as it has hitherto been erroneously; but in an intrinsic sense, as implying that all things are numbers themselves, or the acts of the Eternal. The essence in numbers is nought else than the Eternal. The Eternal only is or exists, and nothing else is when a number exists. There is therefore nothing real but the Eternal itself; for every Real, or every thing that is, is only a number and only exists by virtue of a number."