Plato and the Other Companions of Sokrates, 3rd ed. Volume 2
Plato · en
In truth, no one general solution is attainable, such as Plato here
professes to search for.[29] In one of the three Xenophontic
dialogues wherein the subject of friendship is discussed we find
the real Sokrates presenting it with a juster view of its real
complications.[30] The same remark may be made upon Aristotle's
manner of handling friendship in the Ethics. He seems plainly to
allude to the Lysis (though not mentioning it by name); and to profit
by it at least in what he puts out of consideration, if not in what
he brings forward.[31] He discards the physical and cosmical
analogies, which Plato borrows from Empedokles and Herakleitus, as
too remote and inapplicable: he considers that the question must be
determined by facts and principles relating to human dispositions and
conduct. In other ways, he circumscribes the problem, by setting
aside (what Plato includes) all objects of attachment which are not
capable of reciprocating attachment.[32] The problem, as set forth
here by Plato, is conceived in great generality. In what manner does
one man become the friend of another?[33] How does a man become the
object of friendship or love from another? What is that object
towards which our love or friendship is determined? These terms are
so large, that they include everything belonging to the Tender
Emotion generally.[34]
[Footnote 29: Turgot has some excellent remarks on the hopelessness
of such problems as that which Plato propounds, here well as in other
dialogues, to find definitions of common and vague terms.
We read in his article Etymologie, in the Encyclopédie (vol. iii. pp.
70-72 of his Oeuvres Complets):
"Qu'on se répresente la foule des acceptions du mot _esprit_,
depuis son sens primitif _spiritus, haleine_, jusqu'à ceux
qu'on lui donne dans la chimie, dans la littérature, dans la
jurisprudence, _esprit acide_, esprit de Montaigne, _esprit
des loix_, &c.--qu'on essaie d'extraire de toutes ces
acceptions une idée qui soit commune à toutes--on verra s'évanouir
tous les caractères qui distinguent _l'esprit_ de toute autre
chose, dans quelque sens qu'on le prenne. . . . La multitude et
l'incompatibilité des acceptions du mot _esprit_, sont telles,
que personne n'a été tenté de les comprendre toutes dans une seule
_définition_, et de définir l'esprit en général. Mais le vice de
cette méthode n'est pas moins réel lorsqu'il n'est pas assez sensible
pour empêcher qu'on ne la suive.