is, that in the latter case the noxious element, either at once or gradually, becomes clear representation, because it is compared with the individuality by means of all the senses, so that its relation to that individuality can be determined, and the means of protection against it (disregard, flight, warding off, defence, &c.) be brought to a _conscious will_; whereas, in the former case, we remain unconscious of that noxious element, and it is life alone (or Nature's curative power) which is striving to remove the noxious element and thereby to content the diseased _will_. Nor must this be taken for a simile; it is, on the contrary, a true description of the manifestation of life."--P. 58: "We must however always bear in mind, that cold acts here as a powerful stimulus to check or moderate the diseased _will_ and to rouse in its place a natural _will_, accompanied by general warmth."-- In almost every page of this book similar expressions are to be found. In the second of the Essays I have named, Brandis no longer combines the explanation by the will so universally with each separate analysis, probably in consideration that this explanation is properly speaking, a metaphysical one. Nevertheless he maintains it entirely and completely, giving it even all the more distinct and decided expression, wherever he states it. Thus, for instance, in § 68 _et seq._ he speaks of an "_unconscious will_, which cannot be separated from the conscious one," and is the _primum mobile_ of all life, as well in plants as in animals; for, in these, it is a desire and aversion manifesting itself in all the organs which determines all their vital processes, secretions, &c. &c.--§. 71: "All convulsions prove that the manifestation of the will can take place without distinct power of representation."--§. 72: "Everywhere do we meet with a spontaneous, uncommunicated activity, now determined by the sublimest human free will, now by animal desire and aversion, now again by simple, more vegetative requirements; which activity, in order to maintain itself, calls forth several other kinds of activity in the unity of the individual."--P. 96: "A creative, spontaneous, uncommunicated activity shows itself in every vital manifestation." ...--"The third factor in this individual creation is the _will, the individual's life itself_." ...--"The nerves are the conductors of this individual creation: by their means form and mixture are varied according to desire and aversion."--P. 97: "Assimilation of foreign substance ... makes the blood.... It is not an absorption or an exudation of organic matter; ... on the contrary, here the sole factor of the phenomenon is in all cases _the creative will_, a life which cannot be brought back to any sort of imparted movement."-- * * * * *