5. There are only a certain number of earthly particles that can constitute an animal. Sand, stone, minerals, metals, contribute nothing. All earth is not adapted thereto; it is only the soils favorable to vegetation that are favorable to the animal species. When, after the lapse of many ages, every one is to rise again, where shall be found the earth adapted to the formation of all these bodies? 6. Suppose an island, the vegetative part of which will suffice for a thousand men, and for five or six thousand animals to feed and labor for that thousand men; at the end of a hundred thousand generations we shall have to raise again a thousand millions of men. It is clear that matter will be wanting: "_Materies opus est, ut crescunt post era saecla_." 7. And lastly, when it is proved, or thought to be proved, that a miracle as great as the universal deluge, or the ten plagues of Egypt, will be necessary to work the resurrection of all mankind in the valley of Jehoshaphat, it is asked: What becomes of the souls of all these bodies while awaiting the moment of returning into their cases? Fifty rather knotty questions might easily be put; but the divines would likewise easily find answers to them all. RIGHTS. SECTION I. _National Rights--Natural Rights--Public Rights._ I know no better way of commencing this subject than with the verses of Ariosto, in the second stanza of the 44th canto of the "_Orlando Furioso_," which observes that kings, emperors, and popes, sign fine treaties one day which they break the next, and that, whatever piety they may affect, the only god to whom they really appeal, is their interest: _Fan lega oggi re, papi et imperatori_ _Doman saran nimici capitali:_ _Perche, qual Papparenze esteriori,_ _Non hanno i cor, non han gli animi tali,_ _Che non mirando al torto piu che al dritto._ _Attendon solamente al lor profitto._ If there were only two men on earth, how would they live together? They would assist each other; they would annoy each other; they would court each other; they would speak ill of each other; fight with each other; be reconciled to each other; and be neither able to live with nor without each other. In short, they would do as people at present do, who possess the gift of reason certainly, but the gift of instinct also; and will feel, reason, and act forever as nature has destined. No god has descended upon our globe, assembled the human race, and said to them, "I ordain that the negroes and Kaffirs go stark naked and feed upon insects. "I order the Samoyeds to clothe, themselves with the skins of reindeer, and to feed upon their flesh, insipid as it is, and eat dry and half putrescent fish without salt. It is my will that the Tartars of Thibet all believe what their _dalai-lama_ shall say; and that the Japanese pay the same attention to their _dairo_. "The Arabs are not to eat swine, and the Westphalians nothing else but swine.