Qi-based current
A tradition no longer extant within Daoxue / Neo-Confucianism (Song-Ming lixue). The disagreements in the sources are shown rather than settled.
Qi-based current is recorded within Daoxue / Neo-Confucianism (Song-Ming lixue) and is no longer extant. Also written 氣學, qi-monism, Learning of Vital Force.
Origin
Founder named in the sources: Zhang Zai (1020–1077). No founding year is given below, because the sources read do not agree on one and a date has not been chosen for them. No founding date in my sources. A current within Song-Ming Confucianism holding qi (vital force) rather than li to be metaphysically basic; the Stanford Encyclopedia names Zhang Zai (1020–1077), Wang Tingxiang (1474–1544) and Wang Fuzhi (1619–1692).
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Citation
English
The language and the date you read it belong in the citation: this corpus is multilingual and articles are revised after publication.
John Shaqi. “Qi-based current.” English version. 11 August 2026. https://johnshaqi.com/articles/sect-qi-based-current.
@misc{johnshaqi-sect-qi-based-current-en,
author = {John Shaqi},
title = {Qi-based current},
year = {2026},
howpublished = {English version},
url = {https://johnshaqi.com/articles/sect-qi-based-current},
note = {Accessed n.d.}
}The word count is counted from this edition. The minute estimate uses 238 words a minute, the silent reading rate for English non-fiction reported by Brysbaert (2019). The Urdu, Hindi and Roman Urdu editions carry a word count and no estimate, because no comparable rate has been published for those scripts.